Cholera and Ebola Essay Essay Example

Cholera and Ebola Essay Example Cholera and Ebola Essay Cholera and Ebola Essay Cholera. otherwise known as Asian Cholera or scourge cholera. is an infective illness of the GI real estate parcel brought about by the Vibrio cholerae microorganisms. From the family unit Vibrionaceae. the microbes is described as a Gram-negative bar. Likewise with other Gram-negative poles. Vibrio cholerae produces an endotoxin. known as cholera poison. This microscopic organisms is migrant because of the nearness of an individual polar scourge and is very infective. The Vibrio cholerae microbes develops in both new water and Marine home grounds what's more in relationship with oceanic enliven creatures. Initially found in 1824 by the Italian Anatomist. Filippo Pacini. Vibrio cholera probably began in India with the Ganges River helping as the essential corrupt store. Around 30 mature ages in this way bacteriologists Robert Koch and John Snow found the nexus among Cholera and soaking up H2O. Since its find in the mid nineteenth century Cholera has guaranteed numerous lives because of its transmittal by means of the guzzling H2O flexibly. Through numerous mature ages of examination and chlorination of guzzling H2O supplies. Cholera has non been viewed as a threat to the United States and Western Europe for about a century. Be that as it may. deliberate introduction of the microorganisms into a nearby H2O flexibly. could do as well corrupt and mass spread of disease. Ebola hemorrhagic febrility ( EHF ) is a very infective. amazingly lethal sickness brought about by the Ebola infection. Ebola infection is an individual from the family unit Fivoviridae and is named after the Ebola River in the Republic of Congo ( once Zaire ) which is the place the primary scourge happened in 1994. The infection is delegated follows: Gathering: Group V ( ) ssRNA ) Request: Mononegavirales Family: Filoviridae Class: Ebolavirus Speciess: Ivory Coast ebolavirus Reston ebolavirus Sudan ebolavirus Zaire ebolavirus The initial two strains of the infection were distinguished in 1976 in Zaire and Sudan. Dr. F. A. Murphy was the first to protect the infection and picking up control it for negatron microscopy. Dr. Murphy noticed that the infection was a basic strand RNA infection with encoding for seven viral proteins. Since its find and starting ejections. four sub-species have been disengaged ( as sketched out above ) which are named after their few flare-up areas. Because of its incredibly infective nature and its capacity to transform rapidly. Ebola infection has a death pace of around 77 % . In spite of the fact that. non a modest in the United States and other acculturated states. the Ebola infection could introduce a genuine wellbeing danger if deliberately brought into the H2O or supplement flexibly. A protein on the outside of the infection has been found that is answerable for the horrible inside drain ( the demise managing normal for the illness ) . The protein invasions and obliterates the endothelial cells run alonging blood vass. doing the vass to break and shed blood. Truth be told. the infection has an extremely explicit tropism for liver cells and cells of the reticuloendothelial framework. e. g. macrophages. Huge decimation of the liver is the trademark normal for Ebola infection. The Ebola infection. once inside a host. starts to retroflex. The seven proteins that make up the natural structure of the infection Begin to eat up the host cell as the infection begins doing transcripts of itself. These seven proteins assault the natural structure of the cell and by one way or another assault the auxiliary proteins of the natural structure of the host. As the illness advances. it shows itself in the signifier of shed blooding. especially in the mucous layer. venters. pericardium. furthermore, vagina. The slender departure prompts loss of blood volume. shed blooding from arranged focuses in the natural structure. shock. also, intense respiratory miracle. Contaminations with Ebola infection are intense with a brooding period runing from 2 to 21 yearss. Cholera is an intense unwellness portrayed by watery the runs and is brought about by specific individuals from the species Vibrio cholerae ( bacterium ) . The cholera source is passed in the stools. The poison discharged by the microbes causes expanded secernment of H2O and chloride particles in the entrail. which can deliver solid the runs. Passing can follow from the awful parching welcomed on by the loose bowels. The side effects may look 1 to 7 yearss subsequent to eating supplement or soaking up H2O tainted with the bacteriums. regularly inside 2 to 3 yearss. Sullying is from contact with the fecal issues or vomit of individual contaminated with cholera. Cholera is transmitted by fecal-oral way ( eating or soaking up supplement or H2O polluted by the fecal misuse of a septic individual ) . Vibrios are delicate to corrosive. what's more, most bones in the belly. Enduring lethal creatures may hold fast to and colonize the little digestive tract. where they discharge the intense cholera enterotoxin ( CT. other than called â€Å"choleragen† ) . This poison ties to the plasma layer of enteric epithelial cells and discharges an enzymatically dynamic fragmentary fiscal unit that causes an ascent in cyclic adenosine 51-monophosphate ( camp ) creation. The following high intracellular camp degree causes solid secernment of electrolytes and H2O into the enteric lms. Side effects of cholera are an ague. diarrheal unwellness brought about by contamination of the inside with the microscopic organisms Vibrio Cholerae. One of 20 people will hold horrible sickness with abundant watery looseness of the bowels. cleansing. also, leg fits. The quick loss of natural structure liquids and weight lead to drying up and circulatory surrender. Demise can occur inside hours. Manifestations of Ebola are fever. concern. enunciation and musculus harming. sore pharynx. falling flat. which are trailed by loose bowels. cleansing. what's more, belly harming. A few patients have a roseola. rosy eyes and inward and outer drain. An individual gets tainted with cholera bacteriums by eating up polluted supplement or H2O. In many plagues the contamination originates from human fecal issues. which pollute insufficiently rewarded sewerage. The bacterium can other than populate in waterways and costal Waterss where it defiles shellfish. Half-cooked shellfish have been a start of cholera. The malady is non likely spread by direct individual to-individual contact. Cholera is analyzed by research facility seclusion of the microorganisms from a feces test or by happening antibodies in serum bespeaking late contamination. The toxigenic signifiers of Cholera are O bunch 1 or 139 and can be recognized through gm strain or human progress. Darkfield of stage differentiate microscopy would straight be able to imagine motile vibrio. By and large diagnosing is clinical by H2O loose bowels and drying up. Cholera is most solidly rewarded through rehydration of liquids and salts lost through looseness of the bowels. An unwritten rehydration arrangement that consolidates sugar and salts n prepackaged articulation is different with H2O and utilized all through the universe resulting in a 1 % mortality with mediation contrasted with 20-25 % without. Cut off occurrences may require endovenous temperamental supplanting. Anti-toxins may abbreviate class and chop down disagreeableness of indications each piece great as reducing sloughing of infection yet should point being weakness as anti-infection resistance is a turning work. The characteristic supply of the infection is obscure just like the mode where it clench hand shows up during an ejection. It has been theorized that the list persistent gets contaminated through contact with an infirmity vitalize being. After the principal occasion persistent. the infection can be transmitted through direct contact with septic blood or secernments or through contact with defiled articles, for example, acerate leafs. Nosocomial transmittal is basic in emissions when human services laborers do non have on appropriate defensive vesture. Ebola is signifier of viral hemorrhagic febrility that is ordinarily clinically analyzed by the setup of indications portrayed. Research center diagnosing is through ELISA demonstrating for IgM antibodies and PCR and infection disengagement can be utilized to put infection inside a couple yearss of indication approaching. Along these lines in class of infection IgG antibodies can be tried. There is no mending intercession for Ebola. Only strong intercessions including liquid and electrolyte compromise. what's more, care of O position and blood power per unit zone are accessible. In March 1999. cholera was identified in the state for the primary clasp in 10 mature ages and was voyaging quick all through the state. Poor H2O quality and sanitation base were the significant loaning variables to high paces of cholera. By November 1999. 30 of the least fortunate networks in urban Antananarivo. which is the capital of Madagascar. was picked as the imprint populace for flying the Safe Water System in the state. The framework comprised of conduct adjustment strategies alongside purpose of-utilization intercession and safe stockpiling of H2O. The associations who worked together on this endeavor were the CARE Madagascar ( Community Assistance for Relief Everywhere ) . Populace Services International ( PSI ) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . CARE Madagascar actualized and joined network preparation. Populace Services International took consideration of the cultural selling and the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention dealt with the arrangement rating. The cultural selling included neighborhood creation of a 0. 5 % Na hypochlorite arrangement bundled in a 500-mL bottle. what's more, total adequate to deal with around 2000 L of H2O. A neighborhood organization was so contracted to deliver 20-L tight mouthed plastic Kraut tins. The exchange name given was Sur’Eau. French for â€Å"safe water† . The arrangement was propelled a long time before plan due to the quick expansion in the malady. The jug of H2O was offered to middlemen and retail dealers in the networks take separating in the arrangement and gave the product to CARE-prepared network based gross incomes specialists. The associations structured remote and Television musca volitanss

Plan For Development Of Human Capital Free Essays

The staff advancement and administration preparing models and projects of Clark County School District incorporates different angles like Specific objectives for understudy accomplishment, Time-headed objectives for understudy accomplishment, Strong, inner assessment practices and Time and Opportunity. (Wiedemann, 2006, 6) But from the point of view of current Human Resource and advancement there are despite everything spaces for upgrades. The primary point of a capable pioneer is to deliver certain, autonomous students and bolster staffs intensive a limit with regards to self evaluation. We will compose a custom article test on Plan For Development Of Human Capital or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The first of these components manages otherworldly element of the pioneers in the specific situation and view of their understudies and bolster staffs. The subsequent factor manages physical measurement where the spotlight is principally set down on the study hall condition. The third factor is the instructional measurement where the encouraging aptitudes of the instructors are thought about. Ultimately there is the factor of administrative measurement which is centered around managing tending to understudy conduct. (Finnis, 2003) To keep up gauges in instructive resistance and affectability, we should find out about every understudy separately. This would be for their advantage to understand their objectives and desires as well as to know their potential constraints and help them in the disclosure of techniques toward outperforming those restrictions so as to access their goals. Teachers should likewise give the understudies the outside strategies toward accomplishing trust in their capacity to learn new abilities in sending their instruction. Predictable educating and learning is overseen so as to improve achievement assets for instructing and learning as correction guides, coursework help, exercise plans, worksheets, undertakings and connections to different locales. (Zimmerman, 2002) This has frequently brought about improved consistency in instructing and would likewise have empowered students’ access to valuable materials empowering free learning. It ought to likewise be referenced that Leaders and the part of administration must be proficient and canny. Let us take the case of Peters and Waterman, who in â€Å"In Search of Excellence† thought of â€Å"being visible† and â€Å"management by walkabout†. The finesse and ability of administrators should bolster the undertakings of the Staffs. Staffs should feel that they are guided by the supervisors in scrutinizing their obligations. By sound administration methods the aspirations of participative initiative and the human relations school can be accomplished. (Wright, 2004) As a rule it tends to be expressed that systems followed by the school are to EXPAND its understudy and staff base and upgrade the good by seeking after sight and sound chances, DELIVER an honor winning degree of greatness, building open intrigue, trust and pride, PROVIDE fiery administration and backing in the foundation, INSTILL a situation of inside and outer greatness in client care, EMPOWER and perceive each staff’s novel commitment, ACHIEVE the best expectations of value, IMPROVE inspiration quality and in this way develop an extensive degree of human capital. (Berkowitz, 2000) Taking everything into account it ought to be the primary plan to deliver sure, autonomous students careful a limit with regards to self appraisal. As such picking up autonomy in their training and the ability to accomplish will advance their desires toward more significant standards. Giving a pattern to their comprehension and capacity to interface with them and afterward first finding out their learning level before doling out the individual objectives just as the general objectives for every individual understudy is a significant advance toward increasing comprehension and the limit with regards to learning. Making the strides laid out in the Classroom Strategy and adjusting them to the differentials gave by the learning styles of every understudy is a significant angle for thought and would in reality figure out how to be one of the objectives set to accomplish as an educator. (Keeping an eye on, 2003) References: Berkowitz L; (2000); Leadership and Implementations: Findings and Enactment. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Finnis, J. 2003. Basics of Leadership; Georgetown University Press Keeping an eye on, Schissler Susan. (2003). Moral Leadership in Human Services: A Multi-Dimensional Approach, New York: Allyn and Bacon. Wiedemann, Denise; 2006; District School Improvement †Amao Plan; Clark County School District; Las Vegas: Nevada; recovered on 28.06.2007 from http://ccsd.net/schools/pdf/DSIP2006-full.pdf Wright, Robert; 2004; The Moral Animal: why we are how we are. Little, Brown Co Zimmerman, S; (2002); Introduction to Management Principals; National Book Trust The most effective method to refer to Plan For Development Of Human Capital, Papers

EtG Test for Confirming Alcohol Abstinence

EtG Test for Confirming Alcohol Abstinence Addiction Alcohol Use Print EtG Test for Confirming Alcohol Abstinence By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 09, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 15, 2019 Peter Dazeley Collection/Photographers Choice/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The ethyl glucuronide (EtG) test is widely used to detect the presence in the urine of ethyl glucuronide, a breakdown product of ethanol, the intoxicating agent in alcohol. It can also screen for EtG in your blood, hair, and nails, but the urine test is the most widely used.  The main purpose of an EtG test is to document?  alcohol abstinence. What the EtG Test Is Used For The test for EtG is widely used to detect alcohol abstinence in situations that do not allow drinking, including: Alcohol treatment programs??A DUI or DWI programLiver transplant patients??Schools or the militaryProfessional monitoring programs (for example, airline pilots, healthcare professionals, attorneys)Court cases (for example, child custody)Probation programs Its important to note that the EtG test is not recommended for use in workplace testing programs as it does not measure current impairment from alcohol. Detection Time Frame The EtG test is quite sensitive and can detect even low levels of alcohol. In fact, the test can detect alcohol in the urine up to five days after consumption. In studies of participants without alcohol-use disorders, EtG has been detected in urine samples for up to 80 hours (3.3 days) after heavy alcohol exposure. Limitations A problem with the EtG test is that it can produce a positive test from the mere exposure to alcohol thats present in many daily use products.?? Examples of environmental or home products that contain alcohol include: Foods prepared with or flavored with alcoholCleaning productsMouthwashesBreath spraysHand sanitizersHygiene products like antiperspirantAftershaveCosmeticsHair dye The reality is that there are hundreds of household products that contain ethanol, according to the National Library of Healths Household Products Database, and exposure to them could possibly lead to a false positive on the EtG test. Interpreting Results The following cutoff values have been proposed: High positive EtG test (for example, 1,000ng/mL) may indicate: Heavy drinking on the same day or the previous day??Light drinking on the same day as the test Low positive EtG test (for example, 500 to 1,000ng/mL) may indicate: Heavy drinking within the last one to three daysLight drinking within the last 24 hoursRecent intense exposure to environmental products containing alcohol (within the last 24 hours)?? Very low positive EtG test (for example, 100 to 500 ng/mL) may indicate: Heavy drinking within the last one to three daysLight drinking within the last 12 to 36 hours??Recent exposure to environmental products containing alcohol SAMHSA lists EtG as a test that can help both rule in or rule out whether someone has been drinking with high accuracy. The EtG test accurately detects a person who recently consumed alcohol 70 percent or more of the time. One study showed that for moderate to heavy drinking, this number jumps to 85 percent. A Word From Verywell All in all, the EtG test is considered a highly useful test for detecting recent alcohol consumption. But like any test, there is the possibility for a false positive. This is why a positive test should be confirmed either with another test or with verification from the person that he or she did indeed drink alcohol.   Hopefully, as the research on EtG and other alcohol biomarkers unfold, there will be increasingly accurate ways to distinguish between true alcohol use and exposure to alcohol in environmental products.   How a CDT Test Detects Dangerous Alcohol Consumption

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The Kite Runner and the Caste System Essay - 1844 Words

I chose to do my paper on the caste system. The caste system is an inherited social ranking of the classes and plays an important role throughout the Kite Runner. The book sates that there needs to be an order of the people to make sense of things worthwhile. The two boys try to defy that the caste system is nothing more than a state of mind. The Afghan people feel alienated from their own history because of the caste system. Kite fighting is a perfect example of the caste system. One has the fighter who attacks other kites, and the runner who chases he fallen kites. Hassan who is a Shia while Amir is Pashtun and has many more opportunities available to him because of his social class. Although they are friends, Amir is hesitant†¦show more content†¦The novel centers on the theme of social class, a key factor that separates the world of Amir from Hassan and tries to hinder their true friendship from blossoming. As what caste system suggests, those who are under the dominant and powerful party must adhere to rendering service to those in the upper class. True enough, in the novel, Hassan respects and admires upper-class Amir amid neighborhood bullies and intimidation which make them stick together through any hindrance. It is in their friendship that the concept of caste system is explicated. A Caste System is a distinctive kind of social structure which divides people in accordance with inherited social status. According to Pruthi, [A] caste system manifests itself as a vertical structure in which individual castes are hierarchically graded and kept permanently apart, and at the same time, are linked by well defined expectations and obligations† (Pruthi). In the stirring and humane novel, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, the caste system is viewed intricately within the friendship of Amir and Hassan. The novel depicts the story of these two characters who live within the boundaries of social status and who try to defy that the caste system is nothing more than a state of mind. The novel portrays the challenges seen through the bounds of the caste system and are felt by the main characters. In Hosseini’s moving elegy, Amir’s personal quest is a vivid picture of the entire Afghan cultureShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Kite Runner Relationship and Symbo lism1662 Words   |  7 Pagesin ‘The Kite Runner’ to present key relationships? You should consider different reader responses and the extent to which your critical approach assists your interpretation. In Khaled Hosseini’s novel, ‘The Kite Runner’, it is often thought that symbols and metaphors are used as visual representations to reinforce and put emphasis on important stages in the novel. In can be seen that symbols are used in the novel to highlight particular moments in key relationships. For example Kites, the PomegranateRead MoreKite Runner Reflection1367 Words   |  6 PagesAmir concludes the first chapter of The Kite Runner with a reflection, â€Å"I thought about the life I had lived until the winter of 1975 came along and changed everything. And made me what I am today† (Hosseini 2). Every action Amir takes, planned or unplanned, has an outcome that he will have to live with. For instance, the unplanned decision Amir made to hide behind a wall while his friend, Hassan, was brutally attacked and raped in 1975 has haunted him every day of his life. When Amir was youngerRead MoreClass Inequality In The Kite Runner1320 Words   |  6 Pagesthin g for humans not to be seen as equal, whether it be be a person s race, belonging to a certain religious or ethnic group, or social status. It shouldn’t be that way, but that’s the predicament that society finds itself in. In the novel, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini these problems are evident throughout the book. Taking place in war torn Afghanistan and the safe haven of the United States, Amir and his father Baba face the struggle of transitioning from the upper class lifestyle in AfghanistanRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1434 Words   |  6 Pagesconnections that one makes in life are often a result of pre-existing relationships of family members. It is most common that children growing up form their first friendships with fellow children of family friends. Khaled Hosseini’s prized novel, The Kite Runner, reveals the controversy that surrounds the relationship of two central characters, Amir and Hassan. Both have fathers who share a long hist ory. Amir and Hassan grow up together and appear, on the surface, as close friends. Yet, there are variousRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book And The Mountains Echoed By Khaled Hosseini2562 Words   |  11 PagesHosseini. This thesis will deal with the characters and the emotions they portray throughout the book. The book was published in 2013 and received a favourable response overall. It later on became a bestseller like the author’s other two books: ‘The kite runner’ and ‘A thousand splendid suns’. Within a short span of 5 months, it sold over 3 million copies. Being his pattern, Hosseini drew on his early experiences in Afghanistan to create the foundation of this book. The book begins with a betrayal and

The Short Stories Of Haruki Murakami English Literature Essay Free Essays

Within The Elephant Vanishes, an anthology of short narratives by Haruki Murakami, and The Outsider, a novel by Albert Camus, civilization is examined and the reader is invited to see civilization as following set regulations and modus operandis. Through the supporters, the reader understands that civilization observes these behaviors without inquiry and in making so are robotic. One of the ways this thought is reinforced through mentions to nutrient. We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Stories Of Haruki Murakami English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Food is shown to fall in people ceremonially and who you portion your nutrient with reveals penetrations about the civilization in which you live. Through the action of the texts and first individual narratives the supporter is established as different to the civilization. In the short narrative, Sleep, the supporter noted, ‘I went to the life room, switched on the floor lamp beside the couch, and sat there imbibing a full glass of brandy ‘ ( page 84 ) . Although she enjoys intoxicant, she has to imbibe by stealing. She is restricted in her freedom to bask intoxicant because her hubby does non O.K. of it. Her hubby ‘s business as a tooth doctor precludes her from eating cocoas until an inadvertent reminder of old cocoa flakes wedged between the pages of the book ‘I found a few crumpling flakes of cocoa stuck between the pages ‘ ( page 90 ) . She was so inspired to liberate herself from the bonds of her hubby ‘s dental fraternity norms. She unashamedly indulged herself on this pleasance impetuously, ‘I felt a enormous impulse to hold the existent thing ‘ ( page 90 ) . In Sleep, clocking for tiffin is exactly at 11 40, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ I looked at my ticker. Eleven Forty. Eleven Forty! † ( Page 91, Elephant Vanishes, Sleep ) . The typical type of nutrient was, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦minced scallionsaˆÂ ¦buckwheat noodlesaˆÂ ¦dried seaweedaˆÂ ¦tofu † ( page 91 ) . The mention to the exact clip and the type of tiffin indicate modus operandi. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦Cup of coffeeaˆÂ ¦two pieces of staff of life, spread them with butter and mustard, and had a cheese sandwich † ( Page 89 ) , something which the supporter wants to get away from. It is merely when she breaks with the conventional regulations that she feels as though she is populating. The hubby sitting on the couch reading the newspaper shows the cultural modus operandi of people in their mundane life, ‘While I cleared the tabular array, my hubby sat on the couch reading the paper ‘ ( page 92 ) . ‘I made my hubby his usual java ‘ ( page 89 ) . The supporter is cognizant of cultural outlooks of which her hubby tenaciously adhere to populating through the same everyday every twenty-four hours. ‘Anna Karenina lay there beside him, but he did n’t look to notice. He had no involvement in whether I read books ‘ ( Page 92 ) . The hubby did non pay attending to his married woman ‘s involvements or in the fact that it was his ain book, which she was reading. It is the everyday and humdrum that he is occupied with the supporter lives through every twenty-four hours making whatever gives her pleasance. This rareness of freedom necessarily leads her to seeking nutrient for pleasance while the hubby, so ingrained in modus operandi, appears robotic. Although nutrient symbolically represents modus operandi in The Outsider, it besides establishes Meursault as an foreigner of the civilization. Both of Mersault ‘s friends, Masson and Raymond ‘s immoral behavior has the civilization sort them as foreigners. Due to their unusual behaviors, when these people meet to bask nutrient together, it demonstrates that they encompass similar features of personalities which are deemed unconventional from cultural outlooks. The protagonist drinks wine to attach to nutrient with Raymond and Masson ( page 53 ) . In this context, imbibing intoxicant is an acceptable pattern and civilization, both for work forces and adult females where it was observed by Mersault that Marie, his girlfriend â€Å" aˆÂ ¦she ‘d had a spot excessively much to imbibe † ( page 53 ) . However, the fact that when Marie, commented, â€Å" Do you cognize what clip it is? It is half past 11 † ( page 53 The Foreigner ) , a fact acknowledged by Masson when he responded, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the clip to hold tiffin is when you are hungry † ( page 53 The Foreigner ) , indicates that for Masson, nutrient is an person ‘s pick non regulated by outlooks of a fixed agenda. At his place, Mersault appears to prefer â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ smoke, and eating chocolatesaˆÂ ¦ † during mealtimes ( page 26 ) The Outsider, while he watched the people below his flat from his gallery. In the text, Meursualt made brooding observations of people that were dressed otherwise within the local community that went passed the street, ‘He was have oning a straw chapeau and a bow tie and transporting a walking-stickaˆÂ ¦ I understand why local people said he was distinguished ‘ ( page 25-26 ) . This reveals the distinguishable behavior of Meursault alongside the normal behavior of the civilization. Similarly, Meursault was besides recognised by the persons that went passed the street, ‘The local misss, with their hair down, were walking weaponries in armsaˆÂ ¦ I knew several of the misss and they waved to me. ‘ ( page 27 ) . Later in the eventide Mersault â€Å" went down to purchase some staff of life and some pasta, did my cookery and I ate standing up † ( page 28, The Outsider ) , a position of which is non dictated by conformist pattern. Mersault ‘s behavior and penetrations uncover how persons within the community stand out by their mere visual aspect that are easy recognizable that identifies them to be ‘different ‘ or ‘distinguishable ‘ . In add-on, Meursault does repair his eating agenda by a peculiar clip. This farther confirms that he is an unplanned and disorganised individual unlike the ‘robot adult female ‘ ( page 45-46 ) The Outsider. The automaton adult female â€Å" aˆÂ ¦while she was waiting for her hors d’oeuvre she opened her bagaˆÂ ¦took the exact amount plus a tipaˆÂ ¦meticulous undertaking occupied her throughout the repast † ( page 46 ) The Outsider. The robot adult female contradicts Meursault ‘s character, in that he would instead follow his peculiarity with respects to most of his determinations about when, how, where and what to eat. The robot adult females on the other manus, showed the features of order and way when she ordered her repast, ‘She called Celeste over and ordered her whole repast at one time, talking exactly but quickly. ‘ ( page 46 ) of which afterwards she ‘dived into her bag once more and took out a bluish pencil and a magazine which gave the wireless programmes for the hebdomad. One by one, she really carefully ticked about every programmeaˆÂ ¦ ‘ ( page 46 ) . From this rigamarole, the automaton adult female ‘s actions seem to follow a set of modus operandi. In the narrative, The Second Bakery Attack, the supporters were freshly married and did non pre-empt carrying nutrient in their house, ‘Our icebox contains non a individual point that could be technically categorized as nutrient ‘ ( page 37 ) . â€Å" aˆÂ ¦a bottle of Gallic dressing, six tins of beer, two shrivelled onions, a stick of butter, and a box icebox deodorizer † ( page 37 ) . This is a symbol of how empty their lives are. Although they work, go to bed at set times, conforming to the modus operandis of work, they are metaphorically, unsated. The twosome ‘s conformist behavior seems to put them to their ‘hunger ‘ . In order to happen a remedy to interrupt their hungriness, the twosome opposed convention by robbing Mc Donald ‘s, ‘Attack another bakeshop. Right off. Now. It ‘s the lone manner. ‘ ( page 43 ) . During the robbery, the director of the shop showed typical features of conventionality by the demands o f conformation from the upper authorization stating, ‘I ca n’t make that. I ‘ll be held responsible if I close up without permission ‘ ( Page 46 ) . From this, it shows that the larger bulk of the civilization such as the director and workers are similar to the automaton adult female in that their lives are dictated by order and modus operandi and merely a really little proportion of people operate in a non-conformist manner. Finally, in The Wind-up Bird and Tuesday ‘s Women, the supporter cooks spaghetti for breakfast. He chooses to populate outside the modus operandi of the civilization and this is reflected by his pick of cookery and eating spaghetti in the forenoon, ‘ † Spaghetti? â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ ‘ It ‘s merely ten-thirty in the forenoon. What are you making cooking spaghetti at ten-thirty in the forenoon? † ( page 5, The Wind-Up Bird and Tuesday ‘s Women ) asked the adult female who telephoned place for 10 proceedingss of his clip. In both The Elephant Vanishes by Haruki Murakami and The Foreigner by Albert Camus, nutrient are focused as a symbol that represents modus operandi or an person ‘s desire to hold freedom. The function of the characters is reflected in the type of nutrient they chose to eat, where and when the repartee of nutrient takes topographic point. When any of these engagements of nutrient varies, one can spot that these characters may be far-out, bizarre or stand-alone in their relationship to the larger civilization. ( Word Count: 1428 ) How to cite The Short Stories Of Haruki Murakami English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Logical Positism And The Vienna Circle Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Moritz Schlick and A.J. Ayer were both logical rationalists, and members of the Vienna Circle. They had differing yet homocentric positions on the foundations of cognition, and they both shared the quest for truth and certainty. Moritz Schlick believed the all of import efforts at set uping a theory of cognition grow out of the uncertainty of the certainty of human cognition. This job originates in the want for absolute certainty. A really of import thought is the construct of # 8220 ; protocol statements # 8221 ; , which are # 8220 ; # 8230 ; statements which express the facts with absolute simpleness, without any molding, change, or add-on, in whose amplification every scientific discipline consists, and which precede all knowing, every judgement sing the world. # 8221 ; ( 1 ) It makes no sense to talk of unsure facts, merely averments and our cognition can be unsure. If we win hence in showing the natural facts in protocol statements without any taint, these appear to be the perfectly beyond doubt get downing points of all cognition. They are once more abandoned, but they constitute a steadfast footing # 8220 ; # 8230 ; to which all our knowledges owe whatever cogency they may possess. # 8221 ; ( 2 ) Mathematics is stated indirectly into protocol statements which are resolved into definite protocol statements which one could explicate precisely, in rule, but with enormous attempt. Knowledge in life and scientific discipline in some sense begins with verification of facts, and the protocol statements stand at the beginning of scientific discipline. In the event that protocol statements would be distinguished by definite logical belongingss, construction, place in the system of scientific discipline, and one would be confronted with the undertaking of really stipulating these belongingss. We find many expoundings which seem to presuppose that through the method of protocol statements, merely those averments are understood that temporally precede the other averments of scientific discipline. This is a affair of the ultimate footing of cognition of world, and it is non sufficient to handle statements of # 8220 ; ideal buildings # 8221 ; ( in a Platonic manner ) but one must concern oneself with existent happenings, with events that take topographic point in clip, and in which the devising of judgements consists, hence with psychic Acts of the Apostless of idea, or physical Acts of the Apostless of speech production or composing. These Acts of the Apostless of judgement are suited for set uping inter-subjectively valid cognition when translated into verbal or written looks. Protocol statements come to be regarded as certain phrases which are non meaningful. When we retrace the way by which we arrive at all our cognition, we ever come up once more the same beginning: centripetal experiences and through the sentiments of other people. On this position protocol statements would be existent occurrences in the universe and would temporally predate the other existent procedures in which the prod uction of an single # 8217 ; s cognition consists. He is non concerned who expressed the right position, but what the right position is. The two positions, that statements register simple informations of observation and stand temporally at the beginning could besides be those that by virtuousness of their construction would hold to represent the logical starting-point of scientific discipline. A.J. Ayer seeks in his article # 8220 ; Verification and Experience # 8221 ; to find the truth or falsity of empirical propositions. The customary reply is that it is their understanding or dissension with world. He draws a differentiation between # 8220 ; # 8230 ; those empirical propositions can be determined by determining the truth or falsity of other propositions, and those whose truth or falsity can be determined straight by observation. # 8221 ; ( 3 ) One can prove an single proposition by set uping the truth or falsity relating to the object of the statement. One may besides infer one cosmopolitan proposition from another, and deduce it by analogy, but one must get at a proposition for which the grounds consists entirely in the truth or falsity of certain remarkable propositions. No affair how many remarkable propositions are established, one is neer entitled to see the cosmopolitan proposition as once and for all verified. Nor does the falseness of one statement negate the cosmopolitan proposition. The logical dissymmetry in the relationship of universal and remarkable propositions that has led some philosophers to follow the possibility of disproof instead than that of confirmation as their standard of empirical significance. Ayer claims philosophers have reached propositions which need non wait upon other propositions for the finding of their truth or falsity, but are such that they can be straight confronted with the given facts. These are called basic propositions. The differentiation between them and other propositions is reasonably legitimate, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; so we may restrict ourselves to inquiries refering the nat ure of basic propositions and the mode in which our finding of their cogency depends upon our experience.† ( 4 ) The legitimacy of the differentiation between basic and other propositions is implicitly acknowledged by philosophers who reject the impression of understanding with world as a standard of truth. Propositions can merely be compared to each other, and can non be compared with world or experience. There is another position of basic propositions, a category of â€Å"protocol propositions.† For a sentence to show a protocol propositions it is necessary that it should incorporate the name or description of an perceiver and some words mentioning to an act of observation. The claims for this signifier have the advantage of giving protocol propositions greater stableness. One can do the truth and falsity of any proposition whatsoever depend upon its compatibility or mutual exclusiveness with other propositions. One frequently does non acknowledge other standard. In th is regard, protocol propositions are non allowed any advantage. A protocol proposition is non one which can be straight verified by observation, for one can deny that this is possible. Other philosophers use the term â€Å"protocol† strictly as a syntactical appellation for a certain gathering of words. â€Å"†¦One attaches such particular significance to the word observation because there is no mistake involved in building sentences of a curious type and ennobling them with the rubric of Protokollsaetze, but it is arbitrary and misleading.† ( 5 ) In other words, protocol propositions are non meaningful, but they are a footing for the foundation of cognition. The quest for cognition and certainty tantrums what we discussed with epistemology. Descartes portions the same desire for certainty in his life as do Ayer and Schlick. Kant # 8217 ; s concluding that all cognition comes into us through centripetal experience applies to Schlick # 8217 ; s ideas about protocol statements being finally determined by our experience and perceptual experience. The positions of Ayer and Schlick interact to a great extent. The protocol proposition is similar to the thought of the protocol statement, because a statement is most frequently non nonsubjective nor true. Both philosophers start from the same topographic point, which is to set up certainty in what they believe, such as Descartes did, and they arrive at the same decision, which is that meaningful address is polluted with sentiment and uncertainness, but that this is the manner in which worlds get their cognition. Descartes discusses the ways in which people get their perceptual experiences, thoug hts, and the # 8220 ; knowledge # 8221 ; they hold for true, which is through centripetal experience, and this is what Ayer and Schlick say. The two differ somewhat in the manner that Schlick bases all statements on conforming to the protocol statement, but Ayer takes a more nonsubjective attack when he discusses the differences between basic propositions and protocol propositions. Both philosophers recognise that protocol statements are based on a construction of words which are restricted in their use, and that they can non pass on an thought efficaciously. They besides both recognise that one may believe that they themselves are right in an thought but may really be false because they hold false perceptual experience. I believe that one may encompass a true thought, in world, one which people can non accept or rebut because they do non cognize it is world, and at the same clip this individual may believe a false thought. Everyone has something to lend, but one beginning is non plenty. I besides believe that truth and falseness is a valid differentiation when discoursing whole truths, but that the construct of good and bad exists in world on a graduated table which linguistic communication frequently causes us to bury, and that if we could spread out our vocabularies to encompass more than the # 8220 ; black and white # 8221 ; terminals of this spectrum, that we would understand this construct better. This would help epistemology because one could spot better between an thought that holds more cogency over a larger image than another, instead than presuming that by tax write-off, they are false and have nil to lend. By # 8220 ; run alonging up # 8221 ; the false propositions by grade, we could be better pointed toward truth. I agree with both philosophers, and with Descartes, that our perceptual experience is something we must look into on and invariably analyse, because necessarily, each of us will keep some truth and some falseness. Bibliography Hanfling, Oswald, Logical Positivism ( New York: Columbia University Press, 1981 ) , p. 24-71. ( I read this book and got some thoughts, but no quotation marks ) Ayer, A.J. ( editor ) , Logical Positivism ( Illinois: Free Press, 1959 ) , p. 209-227 ( Schlick ) , 228-243 ( Ayer ) . 1. Ayer, p. 210 2. Ayer, p. 212 3. Ayer, p. 229 4. Ayer, p. 231 5. Ayer, p. 232

Idioms and Expressions With Way

Idioms and Expressions With Way The following idioms and expressions with the noun way cover a wide range of topics and meanings. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help to understand of these common idiomatic expressions with way. All the way Definition: the entire distance, do everything necessary We drove all the way to Phoenix yesterday.Im sure they will make it all the way to finals. (Go) all the way Definition: travel the entire distance, achieve everything possible Make sure you go all the way to the end of the hall.Shell go all the way! In a bad way Definition: feeling poorly, in a very negative situation Im afraid Marys in a bad way. She needs our help.That car looks like its in a bad way. In a big way Definition: very much so I believe in that company in a big way.He enjoys tennis in a big way. In a familiar way Definition: pregnant Martha is in a familiar way.Did you know Peters wife is in a familiar way? In a family way Definition: pregnant Mary is in a family way.I hear that Jennifer is in a family way. It cuts both ways Definition: there are two sides to every argument, dont forget someone else is also involved Dont forget that it cuts both ways.Be nice to people when you beat them. Remember it cuts both ways. It cuts two ways Definition: there are two sides to every argument, dont forget someone else is also involved Some people forget that it cuts two ways and treat others poorly.Never forget that it cuts two ways. No way! Definition: exclamation of disbelief when surprised by a statement I like Justin Bieber. - No way!Peter and Jane are going to get married. - No way! Only way to go Definition: the best solution I bought a Wilson tennis racket. Theyre they only way to go.If you go to Hawaii, stay in Maui. Its the only way to go. Out of the way Definition: be in a position to not prevent progress You need to stay out of the way of your kids when they are teenagers.Good bosses stay out of the way of their employees. Swing both ways Definition: to be bisexual Anna swings both ways.Some of the men at work swing both ways. Thats the way the ball bounces. Definition: sentence used to accept defeat, or not achieving something one had hoped to achieve I didnt get the job. Thats the way the ball bounces.Dont get depressed. Thats the way the ball bounces. Thats the way the cookie crumbles. Definition: sentence used to accept defeat, or not achieving something one had hoped to achieve Our football team last the game. I guess thats the way the cookie crumbles.He wasnt accepted into the program. Thats the way the cookie crumbles. That way Definition: in love Peter and Tom are that way.Jasons that way, but she doesnt feel the same. Two-way street Definition: the same for both people Love is a two-way street.Never forget that your business associates are in a relationship with you that is a two-way street. Way down Definition: truthfully, the true feeling Way down he feels he should go back to university.I know she loves me way down. Way off (base) Definition: completely wrong I think your opinion of Tom is way off base.I was way off base about Mary. She really is a great person. Way out Definition: crazy, unbelievable That theory about UFOs is way out.Jack seems a little way out to me. Way to go! Definition: exclamation of praise I won the match. - Way to go!!Way to go, Tom! I knew you would get the job.

Candle Science Trick to Extinguish Fire with Carbon Dioxide

Candle Science Trick to Extinguish Fire with Carbon Dioxide You know you can put out a candle flame by pouring water on it. In this science magic trick or demonstration, the candle will go out when you pour air onto it. Candle Science Magic Trick Materials A lit candleA transparent glass (so people can see what is inside the glass)Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)Vinegar (weak acetic acid) Set up the Magic Trick In the glass, mix together a little baking soda and vinegar. You want roughly equal amounts of the chemicals, like 2 tablespoons each.Put your hand over the glass to keep the carbon dioxide from mixing too much with the outside air.Youre ready to blow out a candle. If you dont have a candle handy, you can cover the glass with plastic wrap to store the carbon dioxide. How to Blow Out the Candle with Chemistry Simply pour the gas from the glass onto the candle. Try to avoid splashing liquid on the flame, since its not exactly amazing when water puts out a fire. The flame will be extinguished by the invisible gas. Another way to perform this trick is to pour the gas that you just made into an empty glass and then pour the apparently empty glass over the candle flame. How the Candle Trick Works When you mix baking soda and vinegar together, you produce carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is heavier than air, so it will sit in the bottom of the glass. When you pour the gas from glass onto the candle, you are pouring out the carbon dioxide, which will sink and displace the (oxygen-containing) air surrounding the candle with carbon dioxide. This suffocates the flame and it goes out. Carbon dioxide gas from other sources works the same way, so you could also perform this candle trick using gas collected from the sublimation of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). How Blowing Out a Candle Works When you blow out a candle, your breath contains more carbon dioxide than it did when you inhaled the air, but theres still oxygen that can support wax combustion. So, you may be wondering why the flame is extinguished. Its because a candle needs three things to sustain a flame: fuel, oxygen, and heat. The heat overcomes the energy needed for the combustion reaction reaction. If you take it away, the flame cant sustain itself. When you blow on a candle, you force the heat away from the wick. The wax drops below the temperature needed to support combustion and the flame goes out. However, there is still wax vapor around the wick. If you bring a lit match close to a recently extinguished candle, the flame will re-light itself.

Parallel myths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parallel myths - Essay Example The main emphasis is made on mathematical structures of cosmology and immortal features of human beings. Different cultures position gods in a numerical hierarchical rank. As a rule, they have a parallel support from a celestial body (stars, planets, moon etc). With regards to mythological developments, deities are full of immortality secrets and they are demigods, which were born in the result of relationships between god and the matter of earth. Â  Initially, the Taoist pantheon consisted of the natural deities and came from the roots of a natural philosophy (Hackin, Linossier, De Wilman-Grabowska, Marchal, Maspero and Eliseev, 1963). Further on some features from Buddhist deities were incorporated and different signs of Confucian ideology and many other ideologies can be identified. In the majority of cases mythical deities were embodied in human forms and shapes. In accordance with the legends and different myths these deities have never been human ones. Demi-gods in Chinese myt hology combine the features of heroes, emperors and other outstanding personalities. There is no doubt that Chinese deities personify features of human brevity and courage in the majority of cases. In the Chinese mythology one can find many non-human spirit beings, which are popular in the context of Chinese culture (Ter Haar, 2001). For example, there are many deities, who have heads of animals or these demi-gods functioned as the regulators of destiny, developers of the universe; these demi-gods were legendary leaders etc. Therefore, Chinese mythology is often compared with common features of real personalities. Indian Mythology represents a rich element of the Indian Culture. It is one of the most unique cultures in the world. Stories about mythology in India were transferred from one mouth to another from one generation to another (Cotterell, 1986). Thus, there is a myriad of different articles and stories about the Indian mythology. These stories create a reliable background fo r Indian mythology development. The basic values of the Indian culture can be traced in mythology of the country. Tales of Panchatantra and Jataka are as well popular, as other stories from the Bhagvad-Gita, Mahabharata and Ramayana (Cotterell, 1986). The main emphasis should be made on numerous and different stories telling about real positive features of the Indian mythology. The Hindu Gods are the most popular gods from the Indian mythology. There are hundreds and thousands of arms in deities of Indian mythology. Chinese mythology is not focused on depicting a myriad of hands or any other limbs of their deities. Hindu Gods are the most sexual around the world (Hopkins, 1969). Sexy carvings have grasped majority of temples in the Indian culture. Goddesses in the Indian culture are always dancing; they are full of color and emotions. The cosmic dance of Shiva and the gang are very interesting and appealing for the audience. It should be noted that Hindu mythology is more about phil osophy and not religion (Chatterjee 2001, p. 32). There are many sects in the Indian culture. The followers of this culture underline that they are able to choose any path for their own development. The essence of mythology in Hindu is to show that every person should follow his own path in his own life. Karma is a moral duty of cause or reason and the followers in Hindu are obliged to the laws of karma. There is more motion in the

Windows server 2008R Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Windows server 2008R - Assignment Example The hardware recommendations and specifications for windows server 2008 include, the processor must be a minimum of 1 GHz for processors with the rating of x86 and 1.4GHz for processors with the rating of x64. The recommended clock speed for the processor is 2 GHz which is the most ideal processor for optimum performance of the Windows Server 2008. For Itanium based systems, for Windows Server 2008 to be installed properly, an intel Itanium 2 processor is required. Another hardware requirement for the installation of Windows Server 2008 is a minimum memory of 512 Megabytes Random Access Memory (RAM). However the recommended memory value for installation is 2 Gigabytes RAM or greater. The maximum memory for a 32 bit system for a standard system is 4Gigabytes while for a Datacenter or an enterprise 64 Gigabytes would work perfectly. For a 64 bit system, the maximum memory for a standard system is 32 Gigabytes while for a Datacenter or an Enterprise, 1 terabyte and 2 terabyte for an Itanium based system. (Mathews, 2008) Available disk space is another hardware specification requirement for the installation of a Windows Server 2008 operating system. The minimum available disk space for installation should be 10 gigabytes while the recommended available disk space is 40 gigabytes. However, for computers with more than 16 gigabytes of Random Access Memory (RAM), they will require more disk space for the installation of a Windows Server 2008 operating system. This is for the purposes of paging, hibernation and dump files. The final hardware requirement for the installation of Windows Server 2008 operating system is the display and the peripherals. These include a super VGA (800 x 600) or higher resolution monitor, a keyboard and a Microsoft mouse (or any other) or compatible pointing devices. Windows Server 2008 operating system also requires a drive, i.e.

Domestic Abuse on Pregnant Womens Health

Domestic Abuse on Pregnant Womens Health Domestic abuse is a pervasive and preventable public health issue affecting many women around the globe with different race, ethnic, and socio-economic background. What is more devastating is the rate at which pregnant women are being abused. According to the literature, at least one in every five women is abused while pregnant. It is also indicated that these women experience life threatening maternal and fetal complications. The aim of this library research paper was to explore the effect of domestic abuse on pregnant womens health through an extensive review of secondary analysis of the literature. The paper also touched briefly on the ethical issues encountered by the healthcare professionals when dealing with an abused person. Domestic Abuse on Pregnant Womens Health Introduction The issue of violence against women, particularly against pregnant women is increasingly being recognized as an important and often devastating major health and social problem around the world with serious health consequences for the abused women and their children. Health care practitioners providing care to pregnant women need to consider how the experience of abuse in current or past intimate relationships could affect their clients health during pregnancy. Historical evidence indicates that there is a positive correlation between abused people and admittance to psychiatric institutions (March of Dimes, 2005). A high number of women if not all women who seek long term treatment from mental health institutions have histories of being abused previously. It is therefore, not surprising that in 1997, The Violence Prevention Task Force for the Region of Peel in Canada declared violence as the number one health hazard in the Region. Many of the studies and statistics which have been rev iewed from different literature support this declaration. For instance, a Canada-wide survey shows that 61% of women physically or sexually assaulted by their intimate male partners are injured in the attack (Solicitor General of Canada, 1997). Moreover, there is a belief that pregnancy is a joyous, and a period of complete and well-being in a womans life. A time of peace and safety, but unfortunately for most women this might not be the case. In an article by Hedin and Janson (2000), they mentioned that about 40% to 60% of women who are abused experience the abuse during pregnancy whilst 95% of those women abused during pregnancy were abused prior to getting pregnant. Throughout the literature, pregnancy is known to be a high risk period during which domestic abuse may start or escalate in situations where the women were already being abused prior to getting pregnant. Negative effects such as attempted or self induced abortions, therapeutic abortions, spontaneous miscarriages, and divorce or separation during pregnancy are closely linked with abuse. Other injuries reported by women due to domestic abuse are abrasions, contusions, lacerations and fractures. A Canadian study done in Newfoundland confirms the link between abuse and institutionalization of women in psychiatric setting. It proves that there is a high prevalence of woman abuse among psychiatric patients, reporting that 42% of the women currently being assaulted had been assaulted prior to their hospitalization (Carlisle, 2000). Another study indicates that the abuse of alcohol and prescription drugs is 3 to 5 times higher in women living in abusive relationships (Noel Yam, 1998). The gap between these studies is that they do not prove conclusive which act is the cause of what. Does the alcohol and prescription drug abuse cause the mental problem that result in mental institutionalizations, or is it the abuse that causes the alcohol and drug abuse, and subsequently, the mental health issues? One may argue that the issue of violence against women has been overblown and that the issue is private rather than public. The problem with this line of thinking is that the  health-related cost of violence against women in Canada is estimated at $1.6 billion dollars per year (Carlisle, 2000), and in the United States, an unbelievable $10 to $67 billion dollars a year in lost productivity, health care cost, and reduced family income. However, the actual cost involved with violence against women and their children is not adequately reflected by this amount. The high cost involved with dealing with the issue as well as the psychological, emotional and possibly, the physical cost the victims pay makes it an urgent social problem that demands vigorous and immediate attention. Therefore, it is our responsibility as citizens, and more especially as health care providers to help these women gain a greater quality of life by stopping abuse. As is most often the case, when a woman looks fo r help, her first contact is with a health care professional. Statement of Purpose The focus of this research paper is to conduct an in-depth literature review on the prevalence of domestic abuse, and identify the effects that domestic intimate partner or spousal abuse has on pregnant womens health. It will also outline some of the ethical issues concerning domestic violence that healthcare practitioners, specifically nurses may encounter when caring for abused pregnant women and how they can assess for abusive behaviours in pregnancy. In addition, the paper will provide the writer with additional scope and depth in this area and help in enhancing personal knowledge and skills as well as promoting professional creativity. Definition of Domestic Abuse According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, (PHAC), intimate partner violence or domestic abuse is not a single form of maltreatment. It comprises the entire collection of abusive behaviours such as sexual, emotional/psychological, financial, physical, and verbal when they are directed exclusively or mostly at the abusers spouse, mate, girlfriend, or boyfriend. Also for the purpose of this paper, domestic intimate partner abuse/violence is defined as any of the above mentioned behaviours experienced by women at the hands of their partners. Domestic abuse against women It is known that battering has cultural, social, economic and psychological roots. The unequal power between men and women relationship contributes heavily to the problem. In many different part of the world, domestic violence is firmly entrenched in the culture. At times violence against women is accepted by cultural and religious norms therefore, for men to use force on women is not considered an offense (Payne, 2006; Carcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, Watts, 2006; Valladares, Pena, Persson, Hogberg, 2005). Women are traditionally in a position of being economically dependent on men. As a result, women have learned to be submissive, feel powerless, and respect the male dominance. The reported lifetime prevalence for abuse toward women is one in every three women in the world have been beaten, forced to have sex, or otherwise. There is still underreporting of this issue since battered women may be embarrassed about their situation because they feel that it reflects on their a bilities as a woman, wife and mother. The battered person expresses feeling anxious, depressed, and insecure and feels that she cannot live without the perpetrator (CDC, 1989). Sadly it was not until 1996 that the World Health Organization recognized domestic abuse or intimate partner violence as a public health and human rights issue. Violence against women has a long, dark past in both industrialized and non-industrialized part of the world. For example, once upon a time, the British common law allowed a male spouse to chastise his wife with any reasonable instrument (Frieze Browne, 1989). In North America, state laws and cultural practices supported a mans right to discipline his wife throughout the 1800s. It was not until 1895 that a woman can use the ground of domestic violence to divorce her husband. By 1994, the Violence against Women Act has been adopted and thus guided research of domestic abuse which generated social, legal and financial support for law enforcement and social services to protect battered women (Boyer, 2001). Violence by an intimate male partner against women manifests itself in the form of forced sexual intercourse, physical aggr ession, psychological maltreatment and controlling behaviours. Types of abuse Often times when we think domestic abuse the first thought is a woman has been beaten up by their partner. Not all domestic abuse actually results from a violent act. A woman does not need to be brutally beaten or bruised for us to suspect domestic abuse. An abusive behaviour can be in any form of the different abuse such as emotional or sometimes refer to as psychological, economic, physical and sexual. Review of both international and national literature suggests that between 10% and 52% of women experience or has experienced physical violence and 10% to 30% have suffered sexual abuse at the hands of the partner (Garcia-Moreno et al., 2006). Description of the types of abuse is provided. Physical abuse is defined as a deliberate application of force to a persons body (Statistics Canada, 2001, p. 11) which may result in a non-accidentally injury. Physically abusive behaviour can take many forms including hitting, slapping, pushing or anything that causes physical pain or discomfort. In the United States, an estimated 4 to 6 intimate relationships end up in physical violence each year and one in every three women would experience physical assault by an intimate partner in their adulthood. Also alarming is that 2 to 4 million of women in the U.S.A. per year are assaulted by an intimate partner (Newton, 2001). In the literature, it was reported by many women that the physical violence against them either began or escalated when they were pregnant or when their children were very young (Ulla Diez et al., 2009; Bostock, Plumpton, Pratt, 2009). This increase in abuse may be a result of the abuser having feelings of jealousy over the womans concern for another individual, e ven if it is an unborn or small child. Violence including physical abuse also affects both physical and mental well-being depending on how severe the attack or injuries were (Payne, 2006). Also economic and financial abuse is another form of domestic violence in which the abuser uses money to control his or her partner. A person is denied of financial mean when their partner refuse or when they are forbidden to work and if they are permitted to work, the abuser demands the abused individual to hand over their paychecks. This allows the abused partner to be dependent on the perpetrator for money. There are some economically abused women who are forced to beg their partner for everyday necessities such as food and/or health care. Furthermore many financial and economic abusers will put all of the family bills in their victims name in order to ruin their credit. Psychological abuse, also known as emotional abuse is another avenue for a batterer to use to assert power and control of the woman. According to Health Canada, there is no accepted universal definition of emotional abuse. This abusive behaviour is usually used to damage the persons sense of self-worth, perception, and independence. A person who is emotionally abused tends to experience verbal insults including name-calling, yelling, and threats and blaming. Social isolation and intimidation also consist of emotional abuse. What is more, emotional abuse may lead to physical violence. In the eyes of the public, emotional abuse may look less damaging to physical abuse due to the scars and bruises that physical abuse may leave. But despite it invisibility, emotional abuse cuts deep. To confirm, case-study interviews compiled by Statistics Canada with abused women suggest that for many women the cumulative impact of emotional abuse over a long period of time can equally be damaging as ph ysical violence (Statistics Canada, 2001). No abuse, physical, sexual, or financial happens without any element of emotional consequences. One Canadian study on abuse done with both College and University dating relationships revealed 81 percent of the male respondents admitted to emotionally abusing their female partners (Health Canada, 2006). In addition, sexual abuse is a pervasive form of violence against women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sexual abuse is any forced sexual contact, intimidation, and trafficking including unwanted sexual advances and harassment (2003). Research have show that sexual violence is associated with number of adverse mental health outcomes such as post traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety, eating disorder, drug and substance misuse, and suicidal behaviour (Payne, 2006; Galvani, 2007; Garcia-Moreno et al., 2006; Svavarsdottir Orlygsdottir, 2008). In her study Galvani (2007) determined that 40% to 80% of women who receiving treatment for substance abuse at a treatment centre have experienced domestic abuse some point in their life. Also based on a WHO report, one in four women may experience sexual violence by an intimate partner whereas the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence states between one-third and one-half of all battered women are raped by th eir partners at least once during their relationship. As high as 15% of women have experienced sexual abuse in their life time and fewer than 10% in the last 5 years have experienced sexual abuse. Whilst a multi-country standardized population-based survey by WHO report that between 15% and 71% of women were physically or sexually abused by their partner some point in their lives. However, numerical figures which represent all types of abuse against women underestimate the actual population experiencing it. Most women fails to report violent behaviour due to the shame, social stigma, and fear of repeated or escalation in abuse, as well as fear of material loss such as income. In other countries, women who report abusive behaviours tend to fear violence toward them from the authorities who are in place to protect them. A forced sexual activity even between intimate partners is still considered as violation of the persons human rights. Domestic abuse during pregnancy Violence against women by male partners and ex-partners is a persistent major public health problem resulting in injuries and other short and long term health consequences, such as mental illness and complications of pregnancy. Domestic abuse often happens when the woman becomes pregnant with the child. It often leaves the pregnant women engaging in harmful behaviors and practices correlating with poor pregnancy outcome. Various researchers have critically reviewed and completed analysis of studies that identify pregnant women at risk of intimate partner abuse. To my surprise, according to the Center for Disease Control, 4 to 8 percent of pregnant women (over 300,000) per year suffer abuse during pregnancy. Also, one Canadian study revealed that 6% to 8% of women had been abused while pregnant and 95% of them had experienced the abuse during the first trimester (Stat Canada, 2003). It is said that 40% to 45% of physical abused women are also forced to have sex (PHAC). It is estimated that 95% of the victims of domestic or intimate partner violence are women, and that two-thirds of all marriages will experience domestic violence at least once. Consequently, 4 million women a year are assaulted by their partners. Domestic violence is the number one cause of emergency room visits by women. The number one cause of womens injuries is abuse at home. This abuse happens more often than car accidents, mugging, and rape combined. Battering often occurs during pregnancy. One study found that 37% of pregnant women, across all class, race, and educational lines, was physically abused during pregnancy, and 60% of all battered women are beaten while they are pregnant. Interviews with pregnant women suggest that abuse during pregnancy is an important link between the well established overlap of intimate partner violence. Abuse in pregnancy can affect maternal health and infant birth weight. Most complications of pregnancy such as low weight gain, anemia, sexually transmitted infections, and first and second trimester bleeding are significantly higher for abused women (Saltzman, Johnson, Colley Gilbert, Goodwin, 2003; Martin et al., 2001; Kearney, Haggerty, Munro, Hawkins, 2003). When a pregnant woman is subjected to violence, it is certainly a threat to her own health, but it also puts the fetus at risk. A womans ability to protect herself and her unborn baby is limited by the abuser.   Abused women report alcohol and drug abuse, cigarette smoking, and insufficient nourishment. An analysis of articles written in this area demonstrated that the number of expectant women who are abused in a relationship is unknown and that the consequences range from physical injuries, emotional distress to maternal and fetal death. However, many of the literature identified pregnancy as a common risk factor for domestic violence, and estimate the prevalence rate of violence during pregnancy to be 0.9% to 28%. These studies also yielded information on various demographic and lifestyle variables that correlates with spousal abuse during pregnancy. For example, according to data (Espinosa, Osborne, 2002; Bostock et al., 2009; Garcia-Moreno et al., 2006; Valladares et al., 2005), younger women may be more at risk for abuse during pregnancy. The researchers found that young women may lack the life experience that could forewarn them of the seriousness of becoming involved with dangerous or violent individuals and may experience violence within a larger context related to their v ulnerability. As well as having an unplanned pregnancy. A population-based research confirms by indicating that women who had unplanned pregnancy were 2.5 times more likely to experience abuse than those who had planned their pregnancy (Whitehead Fanslow, 2005). Approximately about half of all these unplanned pregnancies in the US end up in termination. Parker, McFarlane, and Soeken (2000), found that 20.6% of teens reported abuse during pregnancy, in comparison to 14.2% of adult women based on a structured interviews of pregnant women ages 13 to 42. In addition, Persily and Abdulla, (2001), analyzed data from a pilot study conducted in rural part of West Virginia. In that study, pregnant women under 20 years old experienced domestic abuse at a shocking rate of 18.5%, compared to 9.4% for the pregnant women ages 20 to 29, and 4.4% for pregnant women 30 years and older. Furthermore, the relationship between alcohol uses, tobacco use and other substance abuse and domestic violence during pregnancy have been investigated. Persily and Abdulla noted there was a significant relationship between tobacco use and abuse but no significant difference were found between alcohol and illicit drug use and abuse of pregnant women. In contrast, Galvani, (2007), Parker et al, (2000), and Amaro, et al, (1998) found that more victims of domestic violence during pregnancy reported use of cigarettes, alcohol or other drugs than non-victims. The findings also suggested that abused pregnant women were significantly more likely to continue substance abuse during pregnancy. Another shocking finding was that, pregnant women who are in an abusive relationship tend to initiate prenatal care late in their pregnancy because of their partners controlling behaviour. McFarlane et al (1998) researched that abused women were almost twice as likely as non-abused women to begin prenatal care in the third trimester. Work by Persily and Abdulla (2001) showed that 38% of the women in their sample who were victims of domestic violence registered for prenatal class after 20 weeks of gestation, comparing to 23% of the women who were not abused. Moreover, majority of pregnant women experiencing domestic abuse simultaneously experience depression and anxiety (Collins, Thomas, 2004; Ulla Diez et al., 2009). According to Persily and Abdulla (2001), 83% of victims of domestic abuse during pregnancy report being depressed, and 89% report feeling anxious. Amaro and partners (1998) found that victims of domestic violence were more likely than non-abused pregnant women to be depressed during pregnancy, to feel less happy about being pregnant, and to have had a history of depression and attempted suicide. The question is: is it the abuse that results in the depression or the history of depression that manifest itself again at pregnancy? To combat and eliminate violence against women, especially expectant women, a variety of social support resources need to be available to women abused during pregnancy. In one Canadian study sample (Wathen, MacMillan, 2003), 8 of 109 women entering prenatal care who reported abuse shared a common source of social support. The eight women abused demonstrated a sole identification of non familial support people, whereas the remaining 101 non-abused women all identified family members as their source of support. In addition, Amaro et al (1998) reported an association between feeling a lack of support during pregnancy and higher rates of violence during pregnancy. Espinosa and colleague (2002) similarly states that women who were battered during pregnancy reported they had fewer people whom they could get together or discuss personal issues. However, in some international papers, women often felt that domestic abuse was a private family matter and should not be discussed. But based on the findings of Bostock et al., (2009), discussing relative safety from domestic abuse was dependent on whether there was empathy, understanding, shared experience, and effective help and protection offered by the support systems that were accessible to the abused victim. The implication is that, women who have contacts, such as, family, a close friend, legal, police, social and health services to contact stands a big chance of escaping abuse in their relationships; and that failing to recognize the unacceptability of violence against women were aspects of service that perpetuated abusive situations. It further indicates that, maybe it is the knowledge of not having anyone to cry unto that encourages men married to or in relationship with such women to abuse them. The information found highlighted that there is a need for further evaluation of domestic violence in pregnancy and related factors regarding the unequipped health, social and legal resources available to respond to women and domestic abuse. Moreover, there are gaps found on which limited or no research have been performed. First, studies of domestic violence during pregnancy using studies of population-based sampling of women and studies incorporating a variety of clinical settings are very limited. Secondly, more research is also needed on the best ways to assess for domestic violence and the ways in which its severity and chronicity can be assessed. As it is now, there is no study out there indicating how spread the phenomenon is and the long term effect that the abuse have on children born under these circumstances. No study has answered whether the abuse also stops after delivery or not. Further research about perpetrator-focused intervention is needed. The only tool we have now on dealing with perpetrators of domestic abuse is punishment. However, common sense dictates that this does not eliminate abuse. To combat it properly therefore, we need to have more researches into workable treatment for abusive men. These areas will be necessary to explore because it is an obligation for health care providers to consistently assess for domestic violence and to intervene appropriately when violent and abusive situations are acknowledged. Ethical consideration for health providers As part of their professional role, nurses, in their everyday lives make ethical decisions in their nursing practice. When dealing with domestic violence, nurses are bound to encounter ethical issues such as dilemma, distress, distributive justice, violation, and locus of authority. One of the greatest mysteries to many healthcare professionals attempting to help victims of violence from their intimate partners is the revolving door syndrome, which deals with the same victims who are admitted to care over and over again. The nurse may perceive this as an ethical dilemma, since the nurse may wish to break the cycle of the abuse but then the victim may not want any help. Their inability to fix the problem or what they perceive as womens failure to follow their advice and change their situation lead both the doctors and nurses feeling frustrated and powerless. The inherent frustration leads to comments such as you again? or Now, will you leave him, or Dont you get it? when victims arrive at the emergency department. The fact is, for all their good intentions, it is the professional caregivers who dont get it (McMurray, 2005). What they dont get is these women are not happy in the situation in which they find themselves; neither do they necessarily attract violent m en. They often just get caught up in a situation where they perceive that there is no way out. These women are often emotionally isolated and economically dependent on their abusers. The uncertainty of making it on their own outside of the marriage, and especially where children are involved, the fear of impoverishing or endangering the children forces the victims to stay in abusive relationships. As such, their main motivation is reducing the impact and frequency of the abuse rather than leaving the abuser (Bates Hancock, 2001; Lutenbacher, Cohen Mitzel, 2003). As a result, they become invested in the situation, and normalize it regardless of how difficult it becomes, even to the point of dismissing the threat of lethal violence (Nicolaidis, Curry, Ulrich et al, 2003). Carver (2003) a psychologist who has been trying to help victims out of this type of situation for over 30 years, describes this dilemma as a mix of the Stockholm Syndrome and cognitive dissonance. In addition to overcoming the dilemma, health care professionals working with an abused client may experience moral distress. The distress comes about when a person know the ethically appropriate action to take, but is unable to act upon it or when one acts in a manner contrary to their personal and professional values which undermines the persons integrity and authenticity (Redman, Fry, 2000). Moral distress can be a serious problem in nursing. It results in a significant physical and emotional stress, which contributes to nurses feelings of loss of integrity and dissatisfaction with their work environment. Studies demonstrate that moral distress is a major contributor to nurses leaving the work setting and profession. It affects relationships with patients and others as well and can affect the quality, quantity, and cost of nursing care (Redman, Fry, 2000). Further more, nurses may feel overwhelmed from the need to help in the case of domestic violence. However, they may be unable to follow their moral beliefs because of clients personal, cultural values, even societal or institutional restraints. For instance, for a pregnant woman in an abusive relationship, the right action to the health care worker is very obvious, yet the clients right to exercise autonomy and choice makes it impossible for the nurse to pursue the proper course of action without the victims consent. Another ethical issue that can occur in domestic abuse is distributive justice. According to Keatings and Smith, (2000), distributive justice is the proper distribution of both social benefits and burdens across society. Within the health care ethics, the relevant application of the principle focuses on distribution of goods and services. Unfortunately, there is a finite supply of goods and services, and it is impossible for all people to have everything they might want or need. According to Burkhardt and Nathaniel, (1998), one primary purpose of the governing systems is to formulate and implement policies about broad public health issues (example, domestic violence) that deals with fair and equitable allocation of inadequate resources. In 2002, the Ontario government announced its plans to spend more than $21 million to address domestic violence after the recommendation of the Hedley jury inquest in February 2002 (Cross, Ontario Women Justice Network, 2002, November). Evidently, in Ontario, the provincial government is trying to do something about this pervasive issue that have taken a toll in todays society, but the estimated cost of violence against women by the Middlesex-London Health Unit in 2000 was $4.2 billion annually ( Malone, 2005). Then clearly, the governments action is woefully inadequate and it needs to increase the funding if every domestic violence victim is to be catered for. Clinical decision-making and appropriate implementation of decisions in the clinical environment is an essential component of professional nursing practice. However, implementation of decisions requires a critical look into the distribution of authority in the environment. In domestic violence situations, the power in the house usually rests in the hands of the men. Breaking the cycle of violence therefore requires changing the dynamics of the power through education and interventions rather than any medical interventions. Also, although nurses have the clinical knowledge and desires to help their abused clients, however, the power of autonomy that the clients have makes it impossible for nurses to make decisions about victims without first consulting and getting their consent. This is very frustrating for nurses because no matter what they know and how much they want to help, they cannot do it if the victim says no. A factor influencing the nurse-physician relationship stems from the inequity in power relations between the two. Doctors exert direct power in the health care system, determining who will be admitted as well as the type of treatments to be performed. Nurses, although an essential component to the functioning of any health care organization and by far the most powerful group in terms of numbers, exert little authority in regard to initiating treatments for their clients. Nurses, because of their wholistic approach to health care tend to acknowledge that patients exist within social networks and that the relationships embedded in these networks are central to decision-making. As a result, nurses have a tendency to become concerned with the specifics of a situation and therefore, are slow to make decisions. On the other hand, doctors who are reductionist in nature are inclined to analyze problems, leaving details that nurses may believe are important out in their decision-making. Conse quently, they make decision with little or no collaboration, and based on little information about the client. For instance, because of their personal values and moral beliefs, nurses might believe abused women require more wholistic treatment whereas a physician might just treat the bruises. Furthermore, violence against women is a violation of human rights that cannot be justified by any political, religious, or cultural claim. A global culture of discrimination against women allows violence to occur daily and with impunity (Amnesty International, 2001). Domestic violence violates a womans right to physical integrity, to liberty, and all too often, to her right to life itself. These are universal human rights that every one everywhere is entitled to, simply by virtue of being human. Therefore, when states fail to take the basic steps needed to protect the basic human rights of women from domestic violence and allow these crimes to be committed with impunity, states are failing in their obligation to protect half of its citizens, namely women from torture. Conclusion Evidence through this library research indicates that, in some cases, domestic abuse perpetuated against women may be initiated when a wom

Three Significant Reasons Why I Love Outdoor Activity

Donghyun Lee (20110108) Prof. Lisa Lee English 2 (Sec. 60) October 4. 2012 Three Significant Reasons Why I Love Outdoor Activity There are many kinds of outdoor activities. Outdoor activity gives many mental or physical advantages to people. Therefore, many people love outdoor activity for various reasons regardless of its characteristic. For example, some like outdoor activity because of his or her own satisfaction. In addition, others do outdoor activity because it helps them to improve their health.However, the reason why I love field activity is on account of three important changes in my body : being refreshed, being short of breath, being thirsty. The first change which field activity creates is being refreshed. When I have trouble in studying or working, I have a splitting headache. It feels like being struck on the head by a hammer. At that time, I go outside and do simple outdoor activities like walking or skipping. Then, I feel the fresh air flowing through my veins ,and I am recharged.For example, when I was a high school student, I usually did a simple ball game when I was tired of studying. Therefore, being revived is the first change of my body which makes me do open-air activity. The second part of variety that field activity makes for me is being short of breath. There is no doubt that being short of breath is a very tiring feeling to anyone. I feel that exhausting feeling as well. However, though it is painful, I feel alive when I am scant of breath.For instance, when I do exercise which needs sustaining power like a marathon, I become so excited and aggressive since I think I am exceeding the limit of my physical strength. Thus, being scant of breath is another motivating power that makes me enjoy an outdoor activity. Finally, the last significant body change that motivates me to do open-air activity is being thirsty. The reason why being thirsty can be the cause of doing field activity is because drinking water after outdoor activity gives me happiness which cannot be described.For example, I become the happiest person in the world and feel as if I can fly while drinking water after doing a field activity. A cup of water after feeling raging thirst cannot be exchanged with any other delicious foods. As a result, thirst can be the body change which let me do outdoor activity. I become invigorated, short of breath, and thirsty by outdoor activity regardless of its feature. These body changes are the motivating power of making me do outdoor activity since the changes end up giving a positive feeling to me. What are the factors which make you do outdoor activity?

Once You Open a Essay with a Quote Samples Features

Once You Open a Essay with a Quote Samples Features The Basics of Once You Open a Essay with a Quote Samples Nothing is going to be left unattended. You won't have the ability to compose an outstanding essay in case you don't devote your soul to it. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. A writer should not be concerned about the precise language in the thesis. The author starts with a rather in depth story of an event or description of an individual or place. As a writer, you compose an essay for a particular purpose. Stephen's essay is quite effective. First things first when you're working on a paper, you've got to pick out the very best topic for it! Such a paper is going to be evaluated by means of a committee, which needs to choose one of several applicants, breaking dreams of hundreds of others. By staying focused, you are going to be in a position to avoid discussing ideas which were not previously brought up in the paper. So, when you have all your ideas prepared to be used simultaneously, you can become down to writing. The Once You Open a Essay with a Quote Samples Chronicles Writing an exciting conclusion can be tough, but it's very important too. It's very beneficial to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. A rhetorical question doesn't require any particular reply. In the end, the previous sentence of the conclusion needs to be authoritative to terminate the conclusion and the entire text effectively. The Chronicles of Once You Open a Essay with a Quote Samples One click immediate price quote Buying or selling a home or an apartment is among the biggest decisions of someone's life. As an essay usually intends to offer effective solutions to some problems, the superior idea is to begin with advice. Always be thankful for everything as there are always people around who are less fortunate. To begin with, somebody has to get a research question they want answered and a tiny background knowledge on the discipline. Unusual, ironic comments work perfectly in the event you need to make your readers smile and love your part of art. Although your opinions and feelings about your topic is a huge aspect to be thought about, you ought to avoid expressing it should you don't have any evidence to support it. In some instances, a topic might already be given. Let's discuss how to begin a paragraph in an essay with the aid of original attention-grabber. If you wonder how to begin a narrative essay, the very best idea is to incorporate a quotation of a renowned individual or a literary quote you want. Making a claim would begin the easy essay and a conclusion would indicate that that claim was proven. A shocking fact or credible statistics is the best explanation to the best way to begin a persuasive essay. By listing proven facts at the very start of your paper, you will create interest that could be carried throughout the remainder of the essay. Give a quick review of the critical things you have discussed. When you've determined the goal of your essay, you will know what information has to be included and the way that it has to be presented. In order to understand how to compose a diagnostic essay, one must make an outline before actual writing. You could also take a look at concept essay examples. If you've never been faced with writing argumentative essays before, you'll locate rather helpful to experience some samples and examples. If you wish to understand how to end an essay in the best fashion, take another look at the introduction. In other situations, you might want to extend a comprehensive analysis of the quotation. Make notes of feasible ideas on what things to include in all sections of your essay. In case the reader is re-reading a quotation, simply to understand that, then you're in trouble. True, it is a small bit about summary, but nevertheless, it should take your essay one step further.

Java Error Message Reached End of File While Parsing

The Java error message Reached End of File While Parsing results if a closing curly bracket for a block of code (e.g, method, class) is missing. The fix is easy — just proofread your code. Example In the code below, the method called main does not conclude with a closing curly bracket. The compiler cannot parse the code properly and will throw the error. public class Main {public static void main(String[] args) {System.out.println(Oops missed a curly bracket..);} Avoiding the Error Because this error is both common and easily avoided, using a code editor like Visual Studio Code or an integrated development environment like Eclipse. Code editors that feature linters and syntax checkers for Java (or whatever language you use) will uncover errors before you attempt to compile.