Lecture Analysis & Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lecture Analysis & Plan - Essay Example Added to that, while some of the students have a health and life sciences background, obtained from courses taken at the university or high school, approximately half of the students had not. To further complicate matters, there are quite a few non-native speakers in the group numbering approximately nine. The implications of the aforementioned group characteristics are pertinent to lecture delivery and subsequent group absorption/assimilation, insofar as it means that some students have a pre-existing understanding of the material, while others do not, just as some will find the linguistic comprehension of the lecture quite challenging, while others will not. As for the lectures themselves, they are delivered in a large group lecture room in the science building. The lecture room is fitted with a number of technical visual aides. The diversity which characterizes this particular group means that group members have different learning styles and will respond best to particular teaching approaches. It is, accordingly, contingent upon the lecturer to vary his learning style as a strategy for reaching out to the audience and facilitating their understanding of lecture content. Some students are not cognizant of the university-level learning skills they need to develop, such as recognition of key lecture points, note-taking, critical thinking, and independent learning, such as which requires that they pursue independent learning and reading on lecture topics (Leonard, 2002). Conduct mini evaluation of lecture at the end so the lecturer will get an idea of how the students felt about the teaching/learning experience (these ideas have been produced from the authors own experience as a student & clinical teacher). Pace lectures so as not to cram too much information in too short a time, culminating in much of that information simply passing students by. In other words, â€Å"try to teach less, so students learn more† (Bligh, 2000, p. 216). Remind

Software to Support Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software to Support Assessment - Essay Example Donnelly, McGarr, & O’Reilly noted that in the quest to arrest the decline in the number of students taking science subjects in higher education the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment highlighted ‘the need to focus on investigative approaches, problem-solving, the assessment of practical work and the effective use of ICT.’ In light of this rapid injection of technology in the teaching and learning arena teachers need to be able to assess not only the software that is on the market for their use but the ability of the technology to effectively assess student learning. Consequently, there is a need to analyze the capacity of technology to facilitate assessment of students’ learning. Tomlinson emphasizes that there may be ‘assessment of learning, assessment for learning, and assessment as learning.’ Ultimately, Tomlinson suggests that assessment is most useful when it is seen as learning because it is then that it most informs the teac hing and learning process. She sees assessment as the ‘beginning of better instruction’. Assessment then is a vital part of the entire teaching learning process. This paper analyses how technology can facilitate both formative and summative assessment of student learning. ... Tomlinson observed that by the time she had given a final grade in a summative assessment the class would have been ‘moving on to a new topic’. She noted that this information could not be effectively utilized because the time for its effectiveness would have been gone. Thus, Tomlinson became ‘a devotee of formative assessment’ which would allow her to correct students’ faults in real time. Finally, Tomlinson views summative assessment as assessment of learning, and formative assessments as assessment for learning. It is difficult for the teacher to use technology for formative assessment since this process occurs almost spontaneously. Nonetheless, the use of the SMART board as highlighted by Debunker allows the teacher and the student to interact in real time. It is easier for summative assessment to be provided through technological means since these are standardized materials which may be given to all students at the end of the year. Using technolo gy to assess student learning is an emerging concepts as such there are a number of teething problems associated with its implementation. Hence, the use of technology to assess student learning brings with it several pros and cons. Technology allows teachers to analyze the scores of students at a faster rate. The use of assessment software allows for greater standardization across the districts. What is more, the students enjoy interacting with the technology. Thus, they will be more comfortable with the use of the technology than with traditional procedures. Two major concerns of the use of technology are the ‘quality’ and the cost of the materials. Williams, Boone, & Kingsley assert that teachers expect producers of educational material to be

Plastic Surgery Teenagers

Plastic Surgery Teenagers Plastic surgery among teenagers- Is it worth the risk? Introduction The word plastic origins from Greek plastikos, which means â€Å"to mold† or â€Å"to give form†. Plastic surgery is a special type of procedure which comprises a persons appearance and physical functional abilities. Most teens go for plastic surgery because of certain reasons. Some claims it is the impact of the society where ‘ugly people will be discriminate. While some are due to the low self-esteem and the result of body imaging. Nevertheless, public will commonly ask is it worth the risk for teenagers to take plastic surgery in such young age? , Is plastic surgery safe? And how can teenagers make a right choice of taking plastic surgeries? Therefore, this research paper will be giving a view at the history of plastic surgery, reasons why teenagers undergo plastic surgery, the advantages and risk of taking plastic surgery and finally conclude how can a teenage make a correct decision of taking plastic surgery. Types of plastic surgery Since years, plastic surgeons have been working hard to improve patients self esteem and appearance through two main types of plastic surgery. Reconstructive surgery Reconstructive surgery is a procedure which is done to correct or improve defects on parts of body either on appearance or function, including physical defects such as cleft lips and palates, traumatic surgeries like burns, and skin and tissue damages caused by disease or injury (Health Encyclopedia 2008). Cosmetic surgery Cosmetic surgery is also known as aesthetic surgery, a surgery that can alter unattractive facial features or parts of body which a person is not satisfied with. Non surgical cosmetic surgeries like the usage of special laser to remove scars are very common among people. . Surgical cosmetic procedures such as breast implantation, rhinoplasty, and liposuction are also acceptable by the society nowadays (Hirsch 2006). History of plastic surgery According to Backstein (2005), the first documented reconstructive surgery was done in 600 B.C in ancient India. Where physicians in India started to explore skills on nose repairing which is now known as rhinoplasty, results from the nose amputation as one of the Indian penal system. However, the force driving most of the plastic surgeries developments is war, when the First World War begins during the late 1800s and early 1900s (Schnur 2007). During that time, plastic surgeries are used as treatments for injurious facial wounds such as shattered jaws, blown-off nose and lips and also gaping skull wounds causes by modern weapons. The development of plastic surgery started to shoot when the United States got involve in the war in the year 1917. After the war ends, new and innovative reconstructive surgeries are desperately needed as the discharge soldiers with awful facial deformity are not able to acquire a job, find a wife or just walk down the streets like normal persons. Statistics of plastic surgery According to ASPS (2007), a total of 11.8 million cosmetic procedures were done in 2007, experiencing an increase as much as 7 % from the year 2006. Non surgical cosmetic surgery or minimally-invasive cosmetic procedures covers nearly 10 millions of the total procedure done whereas surgical cosmetic covers 1.8 million cases. In 11.8 million cases, 0.2 million of these cases are done on teenagers around 13 to 19 years old. The top five surgical cosmetic surgery which teenagers have done is Rhinoplasty (38,886 procedures), breast reduction in male teenagers (16,400 procedures), breast augmentation (10,500 procedures on teenagers of age 18 to 19), otoplasty (8,062 procedures) and liposuction (4,950 procedures). Whereas Laser hair removal (67,523 procedures), laser treatment for leg veins (22,831 procedures), laser skin resurfacing (13,890 procedures), microdermabrasion (11,260 procedures) and Botox (11,023 procedures) are the top five non surgical cosmetic surgery done on teenagers (ASPS 2007). Total 224,658 cosmetic procedures were done on teenagers in the year 2007, which is slightly more than the year 2003 which have 223000 cosmetic procedures (Zuckerman 2005). Reasons why teenagers undergo plastic surgery Low self esteem or self-consciousness Teens think that plastic surgery can help them improve their self-confidence (Zuckerman 2005).Teenagers, normally think of plastic surgery when they found out themselves are not as good as the others .According to Melanie (2008), A girl named Wohl felt self conscious of her body, comparing it to her friends who were filling out their bathing suits on the beach and Dr Greenburg says that there are girls and women who are overwhelmed by the fact that they do not have breasts like their friends do. So, most of them dont play gymnastics or go on dates just because they cannot wear certain clothing, and these things happens almost every day. This two examples shows that teenagers use to compare themselves to their friends of the same age or even celebrities who had a wonderful appearance, this comparison results in low self esteem in teenagers and may lead them to a pessimistic life. Peer Pressures According to Hirsh (2006), teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers. Friends play an important role in teenagers life; teenagers spent most of their time with friends and schoolmates. As a result, teens may have a thought that they want what their friends have so that they feel comfortable to go along with them. For an example, If most of the friends of a teenager have undergo plastic surgery and feel satisfy with it, then he/she will normally follow the trend, without understanding the risk that they may be taking. Other than that, even schoolmates could be the biggest reason why teenagers turn up for plastic surgery, especially in image driven college. Parent Encouragement Nowadays, it is very common that parents giving plastic surgeries as their childs 18th birthday or graduation gifts. Although the cost of plastic surgery are high, but parents are willing to pay just to make their child look better. â€Å"Parents now, not only scare that their kids will be left behind academically but also aesthetically. Parents make their child get plastic surgery,† this is the opinion of Dr. Shim Hyung Bo, a plastic surgeon in Korea (Ko 2002). Most parents, who had undergone plastic surgery, will also encourage their children to do so as they are satisfy with the results. Dermatology times show that some parents desperately want liposuction or facial surgery for their teens. Advantages of Plastic Surgery Improve self esteem Studies found that body-image satisfaction improve after plastic surgery (Zukerman 2005). Teenage who has inheritance defects, such as having birth marks or big hips, might feel pessimistic with their abnormal appearance receiving disgust look from friends or even other people. Plastic surgery is a way for them to build up their self-confidence, as cruel comments towards them will reduce. Healey (1999) says that breast implants boosted self-confidence of a women name Kent. Self esteem is built in people who face difficulties in their life, due to the natural appearance, they had difficulties when it comes to social with people and they get teased. Plastic surgery can help them get rid of bad names and cruel comments from people. Correct Physical Defects For teenagers who have natural birth defects such as cleft lips and palates and having breast that is too big, they might not be leading a normal life like we do. Not only with natural birth defects, teenagers who experience serious accident or burns which may ruin their facial and body appearance will also have the same problem. They usually face problems such as difficulty of eating or even moving around. At this moment, plastic surgery will be appropriate for these people to help them lead a normal life like us. Mann (2001) also provide evidence, Sixteen year old Kimberlys triple D breasts may have gotten the boys attention, but this gave her many health problems as she will feel pain even when she walks, and having neck pain when she jogs. A breast reduction changes her life, now she can exercise freely without experiencing any difficulties. This evidence shows that plastic surgery cannot be treated as making something fake over the body as it helps people to overcome certain dif ficulties in daily life. Disadvantages and Risk of Plastic Surgery Physical Most studies show that there are risks behind every plastic surgery from minor effects such as permanent scarring to serious effect which some will even lead to death. There are concerns about plastic surgery on teenagers as their body is still maturing. Infections are major problem faced by teenagers, especially in the first three months after having their plastic surgery. At this moment, they may feel painful and also suffers from itchiness. Other than that, there are cases that show serious effects of plastic surgery. Marinelli (2001) says that she lost her daughter to liposuction, where her daughter, Lisa Marie went for a liposuction and end up having damage in her vein and the doctor tied her bandage too tightly cutting off her circulation. This shows that plastic surgery will cause negative effects if it is not done properly and have enough safety procedures. The seriousness of the procedures can be seen as this should be one of the concerns people should make before making dec isions of taking plastic surgeries. Mental Stress When things do not turn to its right face, mostly teenagers might experience personal regret. For teenagers who are not satisfied with the results, may end up with committing suicide or having another plastic surgery in order to correct it. There is a very good example, which was Michael Jackson who had almost ruined his face to plastic surgery. Instead of having a pair of eyes and a nose that looks like his sister Janet Jackson, and also the lips that looks like Latoya Jackson who is also one of his sisters, he now having a funny combination on his face with a totally destroyed nose. He too went for lightening of his skin. On the other hand, teenagers might be facing the addiction of having plastic surgery. Teenagers also might have to overcome the trauma of having surgical procedures. Before and after photo of Michael Jackson Source: www.bluestarchronicles.com Cost Cost of plastic surgery is not cheap Just a simple cheek implant will cost about $500 to $1500. Popular surgery such as rhinoplasty, liposuction and breast implants will most probably cost above $1200 (Healey 1999). Teenagers may not afford the cost of having plastic surgery, which cause them taking part-time job, or even burdening their parents. Most plastic surgery cost are not covered by insurance, when anything goes wrong, there will be an additional cost for repairing it, especially facial procedures. How can teenagers make a right choice of taking plastic surgery? Firstly, Teenagers own desire for plastic surgical improvement must be clearly expressed, she/he must have a goal of realistic and also have sufficient maturity before she can head to plastic surgery. Second, Parents should have a counseling session face to face with their children to know what their children really want. When the above task is completed, and yet teenagers still insist of having plastic surgery, contact a qualified plastic surgeon and have another counseling session by physiological test to qualified teenagers to have plastic surgery. According to Mann 2001, there are certain characteristic of teenagers who are poor candidates for plastic surgery such as teenagers who are encourage by friends and families when they are not interested in plastic surgery. Teenagers have the tendency to follow trends, they usually listen to what their peers says and just follow them without noticing any risks. They should undergo different section of counseling before making decision as this will affect their whole life. Conclusion Teenagers usually make decision to take plastic surgery before considering the risk of it. Most of them are just immature enough to think about certain factors which may cause them a life-long effect. According to this research report, the risk of plastic surgery is too big for teenagers who have just step into their life. In conclusion, it does not worth the risk for a teen to have plastic surgery in the early age just to improve his/her appearance. As they have to consider the risk if the surgery goes wrong, that will be a life-long .

Redux: A new Weight loss Medication :: Dieting Health Essays

Redux: A new Weight loss Medication History of Redux Dexfenfluramine is the first new anti-obesity drug to be approved by the FDA in 23 years. Although the drug was just recently recommended by an advisory panel for sale in the U.S. by a narrow 6 to 5 margin, it has been available in Europe for the past decade and it is sold in 65 countries (http://wsfl.usatoday.com/life/health/lhs484.htm). It is being marketed under the name "Redux" and its purpose is to help people lose weight by suppressing appetite. Who can use Redux? Redux is appropriate for people with a BMI (body mass index) of at least 30, or someone who is 30 percent over his ideal body weight. For example, if a 170 pound woman has an ideal body weight of 130, then she is a candidate for Redux. It may also be prescribed to someone with a BMI of 20 or greater in the presence of other risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidema). Denfexfluramine should not be prescribed for or taken by anyone who casually wants to lose 10 or 15 pounds (http://www.pharminfo.com/pubs/msb/dexfen2.html). How does Redux work? Redux, which from this point on will be referred to as denfexfluramine, is taken in the form of two 15 milligram capsules daily at the cost of approximately $2.40. The drug works by convincing the brain that the stomach is full. Denfexfluramine triggers the release of serotonin in the brain which depresses appetite and calms anxieties. Patients will eat smaller than normal size meals without feeling hungry, thus aiding them in their quest to lose weight. The drug is designed to be taken in conjunction with a reduced calorie diet to maximize its benefits. Deborah Wesley, a Redux user, attests to its effectiveness. "Once you take the pill and you sit down to the table all those cravings and those urges for out the window. You start to eat and you feel full really quickly" (http://www.wraltv.com:80/features/healthteam/1996/1106-weight-partl/html). How effective is Redux? Weight loss with denfexfluramine appears to be relatively modest for most patients. In addition, the majority of weight loss occurs within four to six months of initiating use, with weight loss declining after this period. If no weight loss occurs after one month of use, the patient and doctor must re-evaluate this drug therapy.. There have been several studies which attempt illustrate the potential weight loss for denfexfluramine users. Interneuron Pharmaceuticals of Lexington, Massachussettes reported that denfexfluramine helped 40 percent of people studied lose up to 10 percent of body weight -- double the amount of weight lost through diet alone (Seachrist 358).

Decision Making Process Essay

Decision-Making Process Carol Hartfield MGT/230 June 20, 2011 Mike Osby Decision-Making Process Decision-making can be difficult and disastrous if not thought out carefully. Some decisions once made cannot be changed, and the outcome could change your life forever. Of the six stages of the decision-making process, I, like others, can say I do not use all the stages, if I made my decision using the stages my outcome may have been better that it was. I wanted to change jobs to spend more time with my son and make our lives better. If I had used the decision-making process my decision would have been different. The first step of the process is identifying and diagnosing the problem. I identified the problem, I needed more money and a daytime job with as few hours of overtime required. The diagnosis for the problem was to switch from nighttime data entry to daytime dialysis. I was not clear about what I wanted the decision to achieve. I was putting my situation in a negative perspective, e. g. , I do not want to work at night any more and I did not like the company. But such framing of the outcome in the negative does not set a direction to move towards, only what to move away from (McDermott, n. . ). The positive outcomes should have been stated for my goal to be achieved. The decision-making process steps are, generating alternative solutions and evaluating alternatives. I did not follow these two processes; maybe if I would have I would have had a better outcome. I would have had a plan if the new job failed to give the results anticipated. Within evaluating the alternative I would have d one more research on my earnings potential of the new job versus my old job. The next step of the decision-making process was implementing the decision. This was not an easy task to complete. My schedule for sleeping was hard to change, and I had to work the night job for two weeks before I could leave. Implementation of the decision was the hardest part of the process since I had to work and train at the same time for two weeks with hardly any sleep. I would have allowed time to transition from one jog to the other if I had used the six steps in the readings from this week. Evaluating my decision was also an easy task; my bills started piling up because I was not making the money promised from taking the job. I had to do something to make more money or go back to my previous position. I was lucky that I was friends with the new supervisor and she needed help because people had left. I could resume my position with the same seniority and pay. The decision to switch jobs would have been different if I had used the decision-making process listed in this week’s reading. I would have had alternative solutions and investigated the new job more than I did. In generating alternative solutions, I would have ensured I could have returned to my previous job and not agonized over if I could return or not. Reference McDermott, D. (n. d. ). How to make a decision. Retrieved from http://www. decision-making-confidence. com/index. html

Hanoi and Dear Tom

Topic1: write a postcard to your friend, telling him/her about the place where you spend your holiday Dear giap, This is a picture of MyKhe beach. It is beautiful,in the sea sight looks very romanticly. The sun shone when I and my dad were going for a walk on the beach. On the contrary, when it rise (rose) (grammar), the glow of dawn was dazzling bright red but it was not intense heat. When the sun began to appear, at the same time I had (bo 1 had) (tense) breakfast with shrimps which are big and fresh. Food was cheap and delicious. Resorts was(were) comfortable and convenient as my home. I am happy and wish you were here with me.I hope we would meet each other soon. Topic2: Kumiko ia a Japanese student who visits HCM city on a study tour. She write a postcard to her friend at home telling him/her about the city and how she lives and studies Dear Kazuko, How are you? I hope you and your family are well. I’m doing a VietNamese language course. I meet some advantages and disadva ntages when coming to live and study here. The first disadvantage, I got difficulties when communicating with many people because everyone speaks VietNamese. Then, I reach(reached) (tense) impasse about looking for accommodation because HCM city is very crowded.I still miss the Japanese food although VietNamese foods are delicious and cheap. I still do not adapt to them ( I don’t understand what you mean). Here, Pho is the most popular food among the population. I recongnize Pho is mostly commonly eaten for breakfast. I also like it, (I like it, too)especially Pho Ga (Pho with chicken). However, there are some advantages. I meet(met) some Janpanese classmates. In addition, professors are very zealous. I can ask them questions at anytime. Beside, VietNamese classmates are friendly and they help me so much. Viet Nam has many special things so I wish you will visit VN on near day.See you soon Topic3: you are going abroad for study. Write a letter to him/her to say goodbye tellin g him/her how feel on heading the news. Dear Tom, It is a nice surprise to hear that I am going abroad for study. This is wonderful news (sentence structure) but I not only sad but also qualmish and worry although I’m happy,too (incoherent: lung cung va mau thuan). Do you know the reason why? I am happy because it was(is) the opportunity I had been(was ) waiting for. I’ll be(bo tobe) approached with new education which (to)improve my knowledge. I’ll have a better diploma but I am worry(worrying). How will I live alone in a far country?I am sad and qualmish because I don’t want to be away from my small family, my friends and pretty neighbours. I don’t know how I will start new life? I am afraid of crying and missing everything. Hic! I am going to say goodbye to you! Look after yourself! I hope the time will fast elapse . (I will) come back with you and everyone on winter holiday. Try hard!!! See you soon. Topic4: Last Sunday you didn’t go out because it rained all day along. Write a letter to your friend what you did on that day. Dear Tom, You know, last Sunday I intended to visit you but it was raining cats and dogs so I had to stay in all day long.I had to find something to do. Firstly, I cleaned my room because it was dirty and untidy. Later, I cooked lunch with my Mum. We finished soon, a meal of lunch was delicious with Pho beef. My Dad praised us. I felt very happy and warm. After lunch my younger sister helped me washing dishes. After that I went back to my room and watched TV but there was no interesting chanel. I read continuously the novel which I like best and I felt asleep. In the afternoon , I got up when it was still raining . I played game online with my pretty younger sister.It was soon dark and after I had dinner(As soon as, my family had dinner after) I did some homeworks (sentence structure). When I had finished it I listened to music. I heard the song† My heart will go on†. The song that you and I like best. I hope, next Sunday it will not rain and I promise I will visit you. Topic5: you are having a birthday party. Write a letter to invite a friend to the party Dear Tom I am having a dinner party on Saturday. It is on November, 7th . I wonder if you are free on that day? Because everyday you are busy for your studying. We have not talked to each other about(in) two weeks.However that day is a night of weekend so I hope you will give me a little time to participate in my birthday party. You will be the most special guest. We will have many things to talk together. You know, I made a original plan for this important party. I will hold a party in my pretty garden. The menu has five dishes that I bet you’ll like them because I ‘ll cook them by myself. They are shrimp soup, roasted beef, barbecued meat, Indian curry, noodles and snails. After that we will dance and talk together in a(an) interesting room that I will have decorated it. I invite only twenty p eople. I am looking forward to your presence.See you then. Topic 6: write a letter to tell your brother/sister/friend what you are going to do next Sunday Dear Tom, Guess what! Next Sunday I am going to visit some places that I had made plan. Because I have not been good recently. It was a week-long trip. First(firstly), I’ll go to Ha Noi capital where visit some best friend. On the same occasion I will eat crisp shrimp pastry. That food I go to Ha Noi. I regularly eat every time( lan nao toi cung an mon banh tom). Although Banh Tom is available almost every where in our country but it is the best to have it at Ho Tay restaurant on the banks of Truc Bach lake.Besides, I am fond of eating Trang Tien ice. After I will visit uncle Ho museum. The rest of 3 days I will go to Hai Phong city. The city is famous with the season of flamboyant. There are many streets full flamboyant( nhung khu pho o day rop. mauvang cua hoa fuong? ). Come here, I only go to Do Son beach. The sceneries are very romantic and beautiful. They make me feel comfortably. I will take many photographs to make memory. See you soon Topic7: write a letter to invite your friend to a meeting Dear Giap Can we get together for a meeting on Monday at 2p. m, if that’s possible? How are you and your family?What the matter with everything. I wonder are you free con that day? A long time ago we don’t have chance to know together. I hope you will try to attend the meeting. First we will congregate at my home. We can hold a small party outside if you want. My home has a pretty small garden. I think that is a good idea. Do you agree with us? We’ll talk one by one about everything( chung ta se noi cho nhau biet ve moi thu cua tung nguoi mot). After we will visit some teachers at senior high school. I bet with you that day our classmates are full. So you must arrange the important meeting.In particular, if monitor absents from the meeting you will be ostracize. I hope meeting you the sooner the better. Topic 8: a boy/girl has just send a present on your birthday. You write a thank you letter Dear Giap, It was very nice of you to give me a present on my birthday. I wonder why do you know my birthday. You made me felt unexpectedly and more surprise it was a thing that I like best. You know, astonishingly! It was very beautiful and more wonderful when I received it on my birthday. I not only happy but also be moved. I don’t know how tell thank you for this a special present?I only tell thank you so much indeed. I will visit you on near day, when I can. I bet we will have many things to talk together. Particularly, you must tell me the reason why do you know my birthday? See you soon. Topic9: A friend of yours has bought a new house in HCM city and wants to know something about the town he. she is going to live. Write a letter to tell him. her what to expect. Dear Tung, I know you have just bought a small house in my city I think you are new to the surroundin gs when your family move here. You want to know something about the city you are now going to live. I live here rather long.So I know some advantages and disadvantages when living in a big city and crowded as HCM. HCM city is one of the most important and modern in Viet Nam. Problem of education for your children is easy. The future is themselves and studying is the most important thing. Here, you can look for everything easily. If you have good qualification you will apply for job easily,too. And your promotion isn’t difficult. However, this city has some disadvantages. Such as population is crowded because the air isn’t clean. Rivers is polluted and smell felid. I said that it is crowded because you are always get caughtin the rush hours traffic.The price is expensive. The cost of everything is always steadily increase. In my opinion, you can bought insurance for things that you want. Besides you can deposit your savings in bank if you want to ensure for your family. Do you intend to settle in HCM city? How do you feel about HCM city? Maybe your new house is very nice, I think so. I’ll visit you on near day and hope your family and mine have a meeting. I expect the members in your family get used to new life quickly. To wish your family happiness. To meet again the sooner the better. Topic10: you have got a letter from a friend who said she/he would be coming to your city.Write 80 words. How do you do when your family come. Dear Tom, I’m so glad to hear from you. It is good news that you might be in my city for a few week’s time and visited me. When you go to my city I will pick you up at the Quang Ngai station. You don’t worry about hotel. My house has many rooms and I prepaired a room for you. You only come here travel comfortably. I will lead you go to the My Khe beach and Thien An mountain. We can take some photographs to make memory. Do you want to visit Dung Quat wharf? It’s large and beautiful. Iâ€℠¢ll lead you go to visit Vinashin shipyard.There are many big ships from ten thousand ton to fifteen thousand ton. After we will go off to the native village for two weeks to get some good clean air. We’ll fly a kite in the afternoon. In the evening well catch fish with my uncle and etc†¦Many things I want to do with you. You haven’t come here but I am happy and looking forward to your visit. I miss you. The sooner the better. How do you feel about Viet Nam? What kind of places did you travel to? And next time will you have intend to traveling? Would you like to visit my hometown? How do you think about my suggestion? [email  protected] com

Free Essays on System Development Life Cycle

System development life cycle What is the system development life cycle? The system development life cycle is the process of developing information systems through investigation, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. System development life cycle is a systems approach to problem solving and is made up of several phases, each comprised of multiple steps. System development life cycle is also known as Classic Life Cycle Model (or) Linear Sequential Model (or) Waterfall Method. This has the following activities. . System/Information Engineering and Modeling, Software Requirements Analysis, Systems Analysis and Design, Code Generation, Testing, and Maintenance. System/Information Engineering and Modeling is always part of a large business system, work begins by establishing requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when software must interface with other elements such as hardware, people and other resources. System is the basic and very critical requirement for the existence of software in any entity. So if the system is not in place, the system should be engineered and put in place. In some cases to extract the maximum output, system should be re-engineered and spiced up. Once the ideal system is engineered or tuned up, the development team studies the software requirement for the system. Software Requirements Analysis is also known as feasibility study. In this phase, the development team visits the customer and studies their system. They investigate the need for possible software automation in the given system. By the end of the feasibility study, the team furnishes a document that holds the different specific recommendations for the candidate system. It also includes the personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates. The requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specially on software. To ... Free Essays on System Development Life Cycle Free Essays on System Development Life Cycle System development life cycle What is the system development life cycle? The system development life cycle is the process of developing information systems through investigation, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. System development life cycle is a systems approach to problem solving and is made up of several phases, each comprised of multiple steps. System development life cycle is also known as Classic Life Cycle Model (or) Linear Sequential Model (or) Waterfall Method. This has the following activities. . System/Information Engineering and Modeling, Software Requirements Analysis, Systems Analysis and Design, Code Generation, Testing, and Maintenance. System/Information Engineering and Modeling is always part of a large business system, work begins by establishing requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when software must interface with other elements such as hardware, people and other resources. System is the basic and very critical requirement for the existence of software in any entity. So if the system is not in place, the system should be engineered and put in place. In some cases to extract the maximum output, system should be re-engineered and spiced up. Once the ideal system is engineered or tuned up, the development team studies the software requirement for the system. Software Requirements Analysis is also known as feasibility study. In this phase, the development team visits the customer and studies their system. They investigate the need for possible software automation in the given system. By the end of the feasibility study, the team furnishes a document that holds the different specific recommendations for the candidate system. It also includes the personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates. The requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specially on software. To ...

Persuit Of Attention (Book Review) essays

Persuit Of Attention (Book Review) essays In the book The Pursuit of Attention written by Charles Derber, Derber describes how social class has a huge impact on how much attention one gets. Many times the only reason people receive as much as attention as they get is because of their social class and/or status. In this book Derber states, In America, wealth, occupation, and education all significantly affects who gets attention in everyday interactions, with members of privileged groups receiving the most and those in subordinate groups experiencing a certain daily invisibility"(pg58) . This statement proves that people with more wealth and higher status will receive more attention then those in a lower position only because of their class. From my own personal experience I can see that in America the higher your status and wealth the more attention you get. For instance take a charity for an example, a well off person who will donate ten thousand dollars a year apposed to a middle class person who donates one thousand dollars a year most likely will have more attention paid to them because they are helping the charity out more, even though they are both making donations. The wealthy are paid more attention to because more people can benefit from them, then the middle class. In Derbers book he goes on to talk about how the dominant classes in society define themselves as having greater personal and social worth then those who are in loser positions or classes thus feeling they deserve more attention. Derber states, In America, the dominant classes are those which come to control economic, political, and cultural life"(pg59). I agree with this statement because it was been proving right many times. A good example of this is our political leaders. Many of the political leaders that we have in our country are well off before they were put into office and are well off after they leave office, with very few exceptions. Another example o...

Benefits of mentoring

Benefits of mentoring Mentoring provides critical guidance to a young person on his or her path to success. Mentoring is to support and encourage people to make their own learning in order that they boost their potential, develop their skills, improve their performance and become the person they want to be. Mentoring is a powerful development and consent. A mentor is a guide who can help the mentee to find the right direction and who can help them to develop solutions to career issues. Mentors are advisors, teachers, sources of funding and guides about classes, careers, jobs, graduate schools and life choices. Above all, mentors are motivators and role models, who believe in their mentees, see their potential, and help them get where they want to go. Mentoring really is something that can benefit everyone. As well as helping the mentee develop and advance through their career, the mentor can gain extra skills and understanding from the relationship. There is satisfaction in being able build up skills in helping someone else grow. The supportive, healthy relationships formed between mentors and mentees are both actual and long-term and contribute to an anchor of benefits for mentees and mentors. For a mentor, they have an opportunity to invest themselves in someone who looks for what they can offer. Mentoring for a mentor can also help build leadership skill because it helps develop the ability to motivate and encourage others. Another benefit for the mentor is improving communication skills because the mentee may come from different environment or background and the mentor and mentee may not speak the mentor the same language, which leads to finding a way to communicate more effectively as the mentor handles a way through the mentoring relationship. Additionally, the mentor learns new perspectives by working with someone less experienced, they gain a fresh perspective on things and learn a new way of thinking, which can help in work life as well as personal life. Along with that, mentoring can help with advancing your career because showing that the mentor has helped others learn and grow is becoming more and more necessary to advancement in today’s business world. F inally, the mentor gains personal satisfaction, seeing your mentee succeed as a result of your input is a reward itself. There are many benefits for youth. Mentoring youth can help as they go through challenging life transitions, along with dealing with stressful changes at home or transitioning with adulthood. Having the guidance, encouragement, and support of a trusted and experienced mentor can provide a mentee with a full extent of personal and efficient benefits. Close, healthy, supportive relationships between mentors and mentees that last for a serious portion of time are key to success. There is a wide range of mentors. Parents and guardian are obvious choices, as they are generally in the lives of youth and some are the most influential people in their lives. But there are teachers, coaches, ministers, and neighbors that are great options outside of parents and guardians. They are referred to as informal mentors because they are naturally-occurring and not matched, they all have the capacity to be good roles models, inspire youth and shaped their future. Mentors for youth are also available through formal and structed mentoring programs. Qualities takes a big role in mentoring. The most important role of a mentor is to support and encourage young people as they struggle to overcome obstacles and solve problems. Particularly when young people feel glum, upset with families, or unhappy with life situations, mentors are there beside them granting them to talk about anything and reminding them of elemental value. Secondly, a mentor is an active listener. Many times teenagers mention how little they feel listened to by most adults but mentors are different. Mentors always listen first and then speak. Along with listening there is pushing just enough, most teens don’t respond well to being pushed out of their comfort zone. They appreciate when mentors push them beyond what they might think they are capable of. Teens can tell whether an adult is legitimate interested in them and those who are just playing the role. Mentors value young people’s ideas and honor their changing feelings and moods.

Italian SME footwear company (Supply Chain and Logistics Management) Assignment

Italian SME footwear company (Supply Chain and Logistics Management) - Assignment Example The firm therefore adapted the use of third-party logistics functions. In the modern business age, the global environment has become very competitive requiring companies to deal with several different sources so as to ensure customer satisfaction as well as their own success. Such competitiveness is what has called for strategic plans such as use of third party logistics providers (Rodrigo 2012: 12).With such an approach, one has to look at both the benefits and disadvantages of the approach. In covering the benefits, it isnecessary to evaluate whether such decisions would be easily assimilated by the company.That is, issues such as product availability, labor force, meeting of customer expectations the third party logistics capabilities would have to be considered, amongst others that may arise in the process.Supply chains do not only involve materials, logistics, ICT and facilities but also include people in charge of operations or people involved in the chain operations. Thus, a m anufacture should always consider â€Å"supplying people† when designing the supply chain. That is, considering the right human expertise in the supply chain. Question 1 In analysis and evaluation of the Baldinini srl strategy, major focus will be on the effect towards the company’s performance. ... ms of inventory management, Baldinini stands a chance of lowering costs associated with storage, moving in and out of their products into the inventory. Most of all, the company is lifted off the burden of tax accumulation generated by increasing value of products included in the inventory. It becomes way affordable and manageable to hire a 3pl provider. In terms of company and customer relationships, the end receivers of Baldinini products fail to realize the company, this works negatively for Baldinini. Question 2 Traditionally, several companies have seen their advantage in competitiveness as a derivative from their product or services that they provide. With time, however this has changed as products and services become replicated by the day (Keifer, 2012).This possesses a greater risk of competing with counterfeits causing companies to shutter in their own market place. Several companies now no longer see their competitive advantage as a result of their products and services but as a result of how they run their businesses (Keifer, 2012). Supply Chain Management (SCM) plays a specific role in meeting customer demands, developing strategies, proper management of inventory, control of production orders and also maximization of customer fulfillment. One fundamental of SCM is the SCM Objectives. Supply chain management aims to meet rising customer demands or increase it in target markets. It also includes optimization of the supply chain with as minimum cost as possible, Nitl (2008).This approach maintains that a company should clearly understand their customer needs and also have a clear view of their market place. By having the objectives figured out, a company already possesses upper hand in the market place.By doing so, a company eliminates unnecessary activities

Affordable care act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Affordable care act - Essay Example The Act paves the way for the construction more health centers and National Health Service Corps at a cost of $12.5 billion across the period 2011-2015. The measures in the Act reduce the cost of coverage for ordinary citizens. In fact, the Affordable Care Act is expected to reduce the number of citizens without insurance by 50% (Rosenbaum, 2011). The employers, pharmaceutical companies, and medical equipment manufacturers contribute a tax towards the general health of the public. Thus, the Act covers citizens regardless of age, gender, and race, thereby allowing for a healthy population. The affordable care act leaves a huge role for nurses. The Act provides for health promotion and insists on primary care. Such roles are dedicated to nurses. In the Act, nurses have a responsibility of ensuring that common health problems are contained at the source by communicating health information to the people and prevent vulnerabilities. By so doing, nurses reduce the pressure on healthcare system, thus reducing the cost of healthcare. The point implies that the role of nurses has widened due to the implementation of the Act. Department of Human and Social Services. (2013, September 11). Improving the Public’s Health through the Affordable Care. Retrieved from

Freedom of Movement in EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freedom of Movement in EU - Essay Example Signed in 1992, the Maastricht Treaty provides that European citizenship confers on every European citizen a fundamental and personal right to move and reside freely without reference to an economic activity. The Treaty also provides for additional active and passive voting rights in European and local elections. Diplomatic and consular protection is also enhanced by giving the right to EU citizens to ask for the help of any Member State represented in a third Country if his/her own Member State is not represented there. Treaty of Amsterdam enforced on May 1999, extended the citizens rights and obligations by introducing a clause allowing EU institutions to take measures against discrimination on the grounds of sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. It reinforced the free movement of people by integrating the Schengen Convention into the Treaty. This also affirmed the commitment of each Member State to raise the quality and free access to education at national level to the highest level of knowledge possible with, in particular, the view to tackling unemployment. In 2001, the Treaty of Nice was sign facilitating legislation related to free movement and residence by introducing qualified majority for the decision-making in the European Council. The legal basis for the Freedom of movement for persons in the European Union is: Article 14 (7a) ECT: establishing the internal market, which includes the free movement of persons. Article 18 (8a) ECT: Union citizens have the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. Article 61 (73i) et seq: new Title IV, 'Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons'. The objectives for the Freedom of movement for persons and the abolition of controls at internal frontiers form part of the internal market in which it is not possible for internal frontiers to exist or for individuals to be hampered in their movements. Since its inception, the concept of the free movement of persons has changed in meaning so that while the first provisions on the subject referred merely to the free movement individuals considered as economic agents, either as employees or providers of services, it has gradually widened to take on a more general meaning connected with the idea of Union citizenship, independent of any economic activity or distinctions of nationality. This currently applies to nationals of third countries as abolition of control at internal borders allows people movements that could no longer be checked for nationality. The freedom of movement applies to goods, persons, services and capital, the so-called "four freedoms" but specifically under

Osama Bin Laden - Most Fascinating Figure in The Looming Tower Essay

Osama Bin Laden - Most Fascinating Figure in The Looming Tower - Essay Example Bin Laden was always keen, willing and took the initiative in doing new things. In the book, the author describes Bin Laden as an â€Å"enterprising young Saudi† (Wright, 61). His portrayed a never die attitude and never backed away from any job. He was authoritative from a very young age. He showed the characteristics of a leader at a young age when he looked after his brothers and sisters. The qualities of a leader that he showcased in his adulthood were visible in his childhood and teen ages. One of his childhood companions remembers in the book that his siblings were afraid of Osama more than their father. He said, â€Å"If his stepfather wanted something done, he would tell Osama. His brothers say they didn't fear their father as much as they did Osama† (Wright, 74). Another fascinating aspect of Bin Laden is the fact that in spite of coming from a rich family and going to a western school, he developed an attitude that was against westerns and had a heart for the poor. He felt the sorrow and pain of the less fortunate. He showed his displeasure and frustration towards situations in Palestine and Arab worlds. He became religious and gave up completely on western likes. It was easy for him like any other kid from a similar background to enjoy the perks of the luxurious life style. But his passion for Islam was enormous.

Health Care Reform Reaction Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Care Reform Reaction - Term Paper Example Language barrier also influences delivery of health care as the inability to comprehend instructions from health care providers diminishes people’s abilities to receive preventative and curative care. Ethnic and personal beliefs also influence the delivery of health care as some people prefer home rem dies to hospital medication. Geographical factors also influence access to health care as people in rural areas encounter barriers such as poor transportation, which impede access to hospitals. Conversely, nursing practice is influenced by factors such as nurses’ work environment and advancement opportunities and legislation (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). This paper will examine such legislation, discussing its impact on nursing practice. Health Care Reform In 2010, President Obama ratified the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The purpose of the federal statute is to provide a regulatory overhaul of America’s health care system by enhancing access to he alth care by increasing the quality and affordability of health coverage, thereby reducing the price of health care for Americans (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). ... These gaps are the primary deterrents to the effective delivery of health care for all in the US. With regard to access to care provision, the Act eliminates discrimination practices that hamper access to health coverage (Ridge, 2011). The Act also enhances funding for care delivery programs and locations, including nurse-managed health clinics. On the quality of care, the Act requires all care givers to ensure that their care is effective, patient-centered, safe, equitable, efficient and timely. Consequently, the Act promotes support systems aimed at the improvement of care and the work environment, for instance, by creating opportunities for enhanced nursing leadership and research (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). The Act builds on the provisions of the Public Health Service Act, which offers federal backing for nursing development and education. On the other hand, with regard to cost of care, the Act provides for consumer protections to ensure basic health coverage to all Americans and le gal residents. Educational and Practice Consideration for Nursing The discipline of nursing must address various practice and educational consideration to keep up with the demands of the Affordable Care Act. Firstly, nursing practice should be to the full extent of training and education. This is because the core of PPACA is the provision of quality care by care givers who have sufficient training and education to meet health care service demands. In addition, it is essential for all nurses to attain higher educational levels and intense training through an enhanced educational system, which advocates flawless academic development. This means nursing professionals should enter programs such as bridge

The Patriot Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Patriot Act - Essay Example As the discussion declares the Patriot Act is potentially capable of doing much good than harm if timely and adequate amendments are made in the controversial, meaningless and potentially harmful provisions of the Patriot Act. This research stresses that with the world rapidly transmuting into a global village, diversity is on the rise, more than ever in human history and with it has popped up problem of intolerance of each other’s values, beliefs and principles. When this lack of tolerance augments at an alarming pace, bigger social and cultural issues erupt paving way for greater and deadly consequences. One such consequence was the September 11 incident that completely shook people up, due to mass destruction that it caused and thus compelled both the public sector and the private sector to re-evaluate the nation’s homeland security systems and the potential threats to the same. On the same account, the government of the United States of America the SAFETY Act â€Å"as part of the Homeland Security Act to encourage potential manufacturers or sellers of anti-terrorism technologies (ATTs) to develop and sell technologies that could reduce the risk or mitigate the effects of large-scale terr orist events by limiting legal liabilities that might otherwise be faced by such developers and sellers for injuries and losses sustained in an act of terrorism†. This SAFETY Act however, has caused much turmoil and debate among social strata thereby creating two distinct sides to the Patriot Act, one of the proponents while the other of the opponents.

Health Care Reform Reaction Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Care Reform Reaction - Term Paper Example Language barrier also influences delivery of health care as the inability to comprehend instructions from health care providers diminishes people’s abilities to receive preventative and curative care. Ethnic and personal beliefs also influence the delivery of health care as some people prefer home rem dies to hospital medication. Geographical factors also influence access to health care as people in rural areas encounter barriers such as poor transportation, which impede access to hospitals. Conversely, nursing practice is influenced by factors such as nurses’ work environment and advancement opportunities and legislation (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). This paper will examine such legislation, discussing its impact on nursing practice. Health Care Reform In 2010, President Obama ratified the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The purpose of the federal statute is to provide a regulatory overhaul of America’s health care system by enhancing access to he alth care by increasing the quality and affordability of health coverage, thereby reducing the price of health care for Americans (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). ... These gaps are the primary deterrents to the effective delivery of health care for all in the US. With regard to access to care provision, the Act eliminates discrimination practices that hamper access to health coverage (Ridge, 2011). The Act also enhances funding for care delivery programs and locations, including nurse-managed health clinics. On the quality of care, the Act requires all care givers to ensure that their care is effective, patient-centered, safe, equitable, efficient and timely. Consequently, the Act promotes support systems aimed at the improvement of care and the work environment, for instance, by creating opportunities for enhanced nursing leadership and research (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). The Act builds on the provisions of the Public Health Service Act, which offers federal backing for nursing development and education. On the other hand, with regard to cost of care, the Act provides for consumer protections to ensure basic health coverage to all Americans and le gal residents. Educational and Practice Consideration for Nursing The discipline of nursing must address various practice and educational consideration to keep up with the demands of the Affordable Care Act. Firstly, nursing practice should be to the full extent of training and education. This is because the core of PPACA is the provision of quality care by care givers who have sufficient training and education to meet health care service demands. In addition, it is essential for all nurses to attain higher educational levels and intense training through an enhanced educational system, which advocates flawless academic development. This means nursing professionals should enter programs such as bridge

Research on behaviour of children with stay at home Essay Example for Free

Research on behaviour of children with stay at home Essay It is a personal and specific decision that has its perks as well as its pitfalls. Advancements in womens rights in the workplace have encouraged women to acquire higher paying Jobs. However, recent research suggests that more women are choosing to stay at home. It is not because of a lack of education or opportunity; they simply dont want to have someone else raise their children. A study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 1999 found that the more hours a child spent at a non- maternal care before age 5, the less positive the childs interactions with his/her other will be. Two studies published in 2003 conducted by the NICHD found that children in day care had higher levels of stress and were more aggressive than those cared for at home by the mother. There are millions of children, however, who have working mothers and who grow up to be responsible, sucessful adults. Benefits for children raised by stay-at-home mothers. STABILITY: This is the main benefir for your children. Knowing that you are there gives your child stability. You are able to answer your child questions, dry tears, and offer support. In addition, you will never get those year back. They experience fewer emotional and behavioural problems in childhood: want to help ensure your children turn out to be happy and socially well adjusted? Bond with them when they are infants. Thats the message from the university of Lowa, USA, which found that infants who have a close intimate relationship with their mothers are less likely to be troubled, aggressive or experience other emotional and behavioural problems when they reach school age. Bonding with your child has proven to help in a childs mental and emotional development. Consistency: Your children can rely on you. They can trust the consistency on the way you run your household. Being consistent with mealitimes, Chores, baths, and bedtimes teaches children organization and discipline. They need this consistency to give them structure and routine in their lives. Quality time: All kids need quality time with their mothers. Quality time gives them the assurance of being loved all the time. Quality time also keeps your child out of trouble, which often stems from boredom. the memories they will have of you depend on this quality time

Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone The name of the drug is called Hydromorphone. The systematic name (IUPAC) is 4,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methylmor-phinan-6-one. Hydromorphone has a chemical formula of C17H19NO3 . There are four functional groups in Hydromorphone: An Ether group A Ketone group An Amine group (tertiary) A Phenol group Stereochemistry and conformation: Hydromorphone has 4 chiral centres (Four different groups attached to a sp3 hybridised carbon one chiral centre). Therefore it has 24 = 16 stereoisomers. Carbon number 1 has R-configuration Carbon number 2 has R-configuration Carbon number 3 has S-configuration Carbon number 4 has R-configuration Hydromorphone is a semi-rigid molecule because it is composed of a five-member ring system: the phenolic ring (A), the cyclohexane ring (B), the cyclohexanone ring (C), the N-methyl piperidine ring (D), and the tetrahydrofuran ring (E). The molecule has a T shape. Rings A, B and E form a vertical plane where the C and D form the horizontal plane. Ring C exists in a chair conformation due to saturation of C-C double between C7 and 8. Ring D also exists in chair conformation. Synthesis: Commercially, Hydromorphone is made from morphine via either direct rearrangement (reflux alcoholic or acidic aqueous solution of morphine with platinum or palladium catalyst) or reduction of morphine via catalytic hydrogenation, this two reactions both produce Dihydromorphine. The Dihydromorphine then undergo Oppenauer oxidation, where it is oxidised with benzophenone in the presence of potassium tert butoxide or aluminium tert butoxide to form Hydromorphone. Drug stability: The half-life of Hydromorphone is 2.6hours through oral route, where it takes 18.6 hours for sustained release Palladone. Hydromorphone hydrochloride is affected by light, although hydromorphone hydrochloride injection may develop a slight yellowish discoloration, this change does not indicate loss of potency. Hydromorphone hydrochloride injection should be protected from light and stored at a controlled room temperature of 25 degrees C, but can be exposed to temperatures ranging from 15 to30 degrees C; freezing of the injection should be avoided. Hydromorphone hydrochloride tablets should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers, usually at 15 to30 degrees C; however, the manufacturer recommends that the 8-mg tablets be stored at 15 to 25 degrees C. Hydromorphone hydrochloride oral solution should be stored in light-resistant containers at 15 to 25 degrees C, and suppositories of the drug should be stored at 2 to 8 degrees C. Hydromorphone hydrochloride injection reportedly is physically and chemically stable for at least 24 hours in most common IV infusion solutions when protected from light at 25 degrees C. Hydromorphone is slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and very soluble in chloroform. Formulation and packaging: In the U.K. Hydromorphone is only available in form of oral capsules and modified release capsules, which means it is released slowly to extend the length of the drugs effect. Available strengths for hydromorphone hydrochloride (Palladone ®): 1.3mg (orange/clear), net price 56-capsules pack =  £8.82; 2.6mg (red/clear), 56- capsules pack =  £17.64. Where for the modified (release Palladone ® SR): m/r, hydromorphone hydrochloride 2mg (yellow/clear), net price 56- capsules pack =  £20.98; 4mg (pale blue/clear), 56- capsules pack =  £28.75; 8mg (pink/clear), 56- capsules pack =  £56.08; 16mg (brown/clear), 56- capsules pack =  £106.53; 24mg (dark blue/clear), 56-cap pack =  £159.82. [BNF 56 page 235-236]. Lipinskis Rules: The molecular weight of Hydromorphone is 285 g/mol. (below 500) The Log P of Hydromorphone is +1.69. (lower than +5) There is only one hydrogen bond donating group, which is the hydroxyl group in Phenol. (less than 5 groups) here are only three hydrogen bond accepting groups. (less than 10 groups) The functional groups are generally stable to metabolism, i.e. hydrolysis and oxidations. According to the Lipinskis rules of five, Hydromorphone is an orally active drug. LogP and discussion of hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties: It is possible to predict the Log P of a molecule by using the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Values (p Values) for organic fragments. This gives (+0.5 x 11) + (+2 x 1) + (-1 X 3) + (-1 X1) = +3.5. Therefore, the Predicted LogP = +3.5. Since 3.5 is greater than 0.5, hydromorphone is insoluble in water. (Soluble in water if smaller than 0.5) According to the predicted LogP, Hydromorphone is a very hydrophobic (lipophilic) drug and it can pass through the membrane layers in cell and enter the bloodstream (high absorption). Hydromorphone is insoluble in water because of its non-polar groups. They are: The long aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e. cyclohexanes and the phenyl group. These non-polar groups will not interact with polar water molecules as they cannot form hydrogen bonds together and therefore insoluble. pKa and ionisation state: Hydromorphone has a pKa of 8.2 at 20 degrees C [Medicine Complete], it is weakly acidic. To calculate the percentage of ionization of Hydromorphone (weak acid) at different pH, Equation 1 can be used: Equation 1 % ionisation= 1001+antilog(pKa-pH) At pH 2: % ionization = 1001+antilog(8.2-2) = 6.31 x 10-5 % At pH 7.4: % ionization = 1001+antilog(8.2-7.4) = 13.7% At pH 10: % ionization = 1001+antilog(8.2-10) = 98.4% From the calculations on the previous page, I can conclude that only 6.31 x 10-5 % of hydromorphone is ionized at pH 2, i.e. in the stomach. Therefore, there are 100% 6.31 x 10-5 % = 99.9999% of unionised Hydromorphone which can pass through the membrane barrier and enter the bloodstream. Hydromorphone is highly absorbed by the body in stomach. Mode of action: Hydromorphone is an opioid analgesic; it reacts with the opioid mu-receptors. The mu-receptors are discretely distributed in the human brain with high density in the posterior amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, nucleus caudatus, putamen, and certain cortical areas. These receptors are also found in the spinal cord and gastrointestinal tract. It binds onto the mu-receptors and exerts its principle pharmacological effect on the Central Nervous System and gastrointestinal tract to produce analgesia and sedation. Hydromorphone is highly absorbed by the human body and it shows the analgesia effect very quickly once enter the body. It is 8 to 10 times stronger than morphine due to its hydrophobicity (very lipophilic). Bibliography: Samuel, B., Stanley,G., Robert, R. (2004), Process for the Synthesis of Hydromorphone, http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2006005112IA=AU2005001002DISPLAY=DESC, Date accessed 23/04/10. Author unknown. (Date unknown), One-pot Isomerization of Morphine to Dihydromorphinone (Hydromorphone), http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/dihydromorphinones.html, Date accessed 23/04/10. Author unknown.(2006), Hydromorphone, http://www.patient.co.uk/medicine/Hydromorphone.htm, Date accessed 23/04/10. Hildebrand, K., Elsberry, D., Anderson, V. (2001), Stability and Compatibility of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in an Implantable Infusion System, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 22 (6), Page 1042-1047. Author unknown. (2010), Hydromorphone Suppository, http://www.drugs.com/cdi/hydromorphone-suppository.html, Date accessed 24/04/10 Lipinski, C. (2004), Lipinskis rule-of-five, http://www.bioscreening.com/reference/lipinski_rule.htm, Date accessed 24/04/10. Author unknown. (2009), Showing drug card for Hydromorphone (DB00327), http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00327, Date accessed 24/04/10. Clarkes. (2006), Clarkes Analysis of Drugs and Poisons Hydromorphone, http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/clarke/2009/CLK0851.htm, Date accessed 24/04/10. Author unknown. (2008), Monograph Hydromorphone Hydrochloride, http://www.medscape.com/druginfo/monograph?cid=meddrugid=11338drugname=Hydromorphone+Rectmonotype=monographprint=1, Date accessed 24/04/10. BMJ Group,. (2008). British National Formulary 56, London, RPS Publishing. Bruice, P,. (2004). Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition,Prentice Hall ,Pearson. Lo,K,. (1998) Synthesis of N- Phenethylnorhydromorphone, https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/11862/ubc_2001-0456.pdf;jsessionid=8D12F28D380E801AE9A422C0F9CD3435?sequence=1, Date accessed 26/04/10

Ultrafiltration Process :: ultrafiltration nanofibrous membranes

What exactly do we mean by Ultrafiltration, and for what processes can it be used? Ultrafiltration is a process by which one uses a pressure-driven process utilizing a specific-sized membrane to separate macromolecular weights of a solution, allowing the transfer of the low molecular weight (permeate). Ultrafiltration is exclusively defined by the pore size range (0.1 – 0.001 microns) (Dhawan). Ultrafiltration is used in a wide array of applications, such as food and beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, drinking water, wastewater and etc. This research review will focus on industrial applications, and transport processes that make ultrafiltration unique, as well as the industry standard for separation. The rapid development of ultrafiltration for industrial processes is possible by the advent of anisotropic, high-flux membranes capable of distinguishing among molecular sizes of 10 A to 10  µ size ranges (Porter, 1972). The high molecular solute which flows through, but does not pass through the membrane is released as retentate (concentrate). The solution that passes through the membrane is known as permeate, which is shown Figure 1. This figure demonstrates the basic structure of a hollow membrane where the feed of the material you want to separate enters, and where the permeate (ultrafiltrate), and retentate exits. In different industrial processes one may want to retain the permeate, retentate, or combination of both. Mass Balance, Momentum Balance and Flux Figure 1: Flows and fluxes in a hollow fiber for ultrafiltration (Yeh, 2009) Let us take a closer look at what drives ultrafiltration from a mathematical point of view. In Figure 1, the feed solution is being driven by a volumetric flow rate (qi/Ni), pressure (∆Pi), and concentration (Ci). This feed solution produces a mass balance which results in the flux (J) vs fiber (dz): (Yeh, 2009) The momentum balance must be accounted for also: (Yeh, 2009) It can be presumed that the volumetric flow rate will be reduced similarly to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, due to the laminar flow within the tube in Yeh, H. experiment in 2009, he takes into account convection as well as mass, and momentum balance: (Yeh, 2009) Equation 3 assumes that the volumetric flow rate is relatively large compared to that of the permeation rate. This occurs mainly in an exponential model along the membrane tube. This model simply states that when working with a pressure-drive ultrafiltration process, as pressure is increased, a ceiling (limiting) flux will occur regardless of increasing the pressure. We know that the relationship between membrane pressure (∆Ï ) and the permeate flux leads us to the following conclusion (Yeh, 2009).

Manufacture In Scotland Today :: essays research papers

Contents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contents page  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronics  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Semiconductors  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aerospace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Automotive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 9 â€Å"Manufacturing In Scotland Today† Introduction This report is not so much on the state of the manufacturing industry in Scotland but rather of it’s current success. Scottish productivity consistently ranks among the highest worldwide and multinational companies have expanded their presence in Scotland to capitalise on this. Due to the extent of the manufacturing industry in Scotland I am going to focus on four areas these being: Electronics, Semiconductors, Aerospace and Automotive manufacture. Other major areas of manufacture in Scotland include Biotechnology (which I will touch upon later), Food (with annual sales totalling  £7.3 billion) and Textiles. Scotland is the home to around 550 electronics companies including multinational giants such as IBM, Compaq, Motorola, Matsushita and Phillips. Scotland also has one of the highest concentrations of semiconductor fabrication companies in Europe including NEC, Motorola, National Semiconductors and Raytheon Systems. While the Scottish aerospace industry comprises of 52 companies including BAE Aerostructures, GEC Marconi Radar and Control Systems, Greenwich Caledonian, Rohr, Bond Helicopters and Woodward Governor and it has world-class expertise in electronics, plastics and aluminium founding, all of which are increasingly important in automotive manufacture. All these companies chose Scotland. Home to Europe's most experienced electronics work-force the Scots are known worldwide for their work ethic, as well as for their skills and initiative they are praised for low turnover rates, low absenteeism, and high levels of responsiveness to training and new technologies. Partly this can be put down to Scotland’s educational system which places particular emphasis on electrical engineering, science, mathematics and computer-related studies. Also producing more engineering graduates per capita than all other EU nations. Scotland also offers the ideal location for companies requiring access to the European market through access to Europe in a matter of hours with it’s modern airports, motorways, deep water seaports and advanced rail freight connections with Europe. Electronics The so called Silicon Glen area of Central Scotland is one of the most concentrated areas of electronics activity in Europe. Home to many companies from America, Japan, as well as European multi-nationals and of course independent Scottish companies. Many leading electronics companies have operations in Scotland, including IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Canon, Compaq, Packard Bell, NEC, Sun Microsystems and Mitsubishi. Altogether they employ 41,000 people, with another 29,900 supporting directly. Total product sales of the Scottish electronics sector amounted to  £15.5 billion in 1996 with Scotland producing:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  32% of personal computers made in Europe,

Developing a Counseling Plan Essay

As a counselor one constantly strives to help clients become successful members of society. In order to become successful in society one must be mentally healthy, there are clients that are so unhealthy mentally and that have struggled so much throughout their childhood and through adolescents that as a counselor you work and push that much harder to help your client overcome those obstacles. In some cases ones counseling can prevent a negative life and provide for a safer society. This case depicts a client that falls under those circumstances. As a client, John Wayne Gacy will be introduced to Family Therapy to help him understand his family environment and help him to cope and or change the way he feels about his family life. The counseling plan will deal with John Wayne Gacy’s issues of his father being an alcoholic, his father abusing him and the rest of his family, him liking boys, as well as his anti-social ways at school. These will be addressed by looking at creating a genogram. When looking at the research it is favorable to use family therapy in order to facilitate change within the family environment by looking at problem solving abilities, looking at the positive rather than the negative, and accepting family members. Case Study My client is John Wayne Gacy, a 15 year old boy living in Chicago, Illinois. He is a white male and has been referred by a judge to undergo a psych evaluation, after his psych evaluation he began coming to see me. This is Gacy’s first time seeking help from a licensed counselor. Presenting Problems John’s presenting problems are his father is an abusive alcoholic, John is attracted to boys, and John is anti-social at school. These three things lead to much confusion in John’s life which led to him hearing voices. John wants to see if family therapy could change some of his issues and feels that by going to family therapy his home environment might change into a more supportive one. Family Background and Developmental History John Wayne Gacy, the son of Marion Elaine Robinson Gacy and John Wayne Gacy Sr. was born on March 17th 1942 in Chicago, Illinois. His parents were of Polish and Danish heritage (Bell). John was the middle child of three; he had an older sister Joanne and a younger sister Karen. John and his sisters were brought up Catholic and went to catholic school. The environment in which he was raised in was that of middle class, he had a part-time job after school and was involved with the boy scouts. John and his two sisters were raised by a father that was an alcoholic; he abused them and their mother. John was not popular in school and was often left out of the loop. John had a playground incident at age 11 which led to him having a blood clot and the clot caused him to have blackouts (Bell & Bardsley). He could not play with the other kids because he had a heart condition which was another reason he was looked down upon by his father; he saw it as another shortcoming. John also discovered that he liked boys and often struggled with dealing with his sexuality (Bell). John’s father in a way resented him for this. He felt that it was a sign of weakness or another fault that John had. Current Living and Work Environment John is involved in many organizations within the community. He is a hard worker that often suffered from exhaustion and anxiety from the pressure he put on himself to succeed. John was a father and husband; and had a house in the suburbs. All of this came to a screeching halt when rumors of Gacy liking boys surfaced. Multiple charges and even a prison sentence were handed down to Gacy for the assault of a young boy. Physical Appearance, Mood, and Demeanor John was overweight and had heart and back problems; however, it did not stop him from his work or community activities. Gacy was sentenced to ten years in prison for assaulting a young boy. Gacy was in denial saying that the young boy willingly participated in the sexual acts in order to make extra money. He also did not take responsibility for his actions and tried to place blame on others. Gacy’s has an anti-social personality but is mentally competent. When he was in prison he followed rules and was not violent. Gacy took on different personalities as well as went through many different moods (Inside John Wayne Gacy’s Mind). Counseling Plan This counseling plan uses Family Therapy. â€Å"Families are systems of interconnected and interdependent individuals, none of whom can be understood in isolation from the system.†(Genopro) Basically family members feed off each other, positivity feeds positivity and vice versa. The best way to put together a treatment plan is to build your family genogram. Study your own behavior patterns and how they fit in with the rest of your family throughout generations. This will bring out options in which could be used in order to solve problems and figure out how one fits into the family and what ones role is within the family (Genopro). The genogram structure of family therapy will allow John and me to create a counseling plan very easily. Conceptualization of Client’s Presenting Problem and Developmental History John shows signs of multiple personality disorder as well as having an anti-social personality. John also hears voices. Family Therapy eludes to the fact that Family development and the environment that he was brought up in, along with family makeup could be a contributor to why John suffers from what he does (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). Family patterns or expectations are looked at in many ways from parental beliefs, personalities, and extended family influence. This allows each family to be unique in their own ways. This uniqueness can be very overwhelming and takes a toll on all members whether it is negative or positive (Pope). For example, John’s father puts a lot of pressure on him to be successful. John’s shortcomings were looked down upon by his father most likely do to the beliefs and personality that he formed based upon his parental upbringing. John admits that his father was abusive to his mom, sisters, and him as well. John took on many personalities and even called himself pogo the clown at times. John was attracted to boys and this is something that has haunted him his whole life and the reason he is in the predicament he is in. He hated being a disappointment to his father and he was always looking to please his father. John’s confusion with his sexuality ultimately lead to him killing those he sexually encountered because the voices he heard were telling him it would please his father. In session we will discuss with John  and his family ways in which the environment John is brought up in could be altered. Conceptualization of Human Nature According to Family Theory The goal of Family Therapy models is to take the problem presented by the individual dealing with their relationships with other people in the family setting and change the negative aspects (Franklin). The Family Therapy counselor believes the development of family life include family life cycle, family life spiral, and the family genogram (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011) The family life spiral looks at how the members of the family go through the stages of development from young to old age. The family life spiral looks at generations and how they coincide with each other. The genogram charts development of generations. Counseling Goals The overall objective is for John Wayne Gacy to be able to find a way to cope with his anger towards his father and to be able to express how his father’s abuse towards the family affected him in a negative way. John said he wants to break down the barrier between him and his father because he loves him and ultimately wants to make him proud. To advocate for this John’s goal is to try and change the cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of his family system (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). In other words he wants to change the environment in the Gacy household completely around. The abuse needs to stop, the constant pressure needs to stop, and the pointing out of his weaknesses needs to be approached differently. Course of Treatment In order to get a complete understanding I believe the first action that needs to be taken is the nuclear family emotional system needs to be broken down, what this is looking at is the possible relationships with in a family and look at where problems could possibly come about. For John, 3 of the relationship patterns are touched upon in his situation. His father is abusive to his mother and siblings, in John’s fathers eyes there is an impairment of John because he likes boys, and lastly there is an emotional disturbance suffered by John because of his father’s view of him (Genpro). The second part that needs to be addressed is differentiation of self which is the dependency on others to give acceptance and approval. This is something John struggled with and never received from his father. He never felt like his father truly accepted him or approved of the life style that he lived (Genpro). John agreed to do 2 things a day to satisfy his needs, meaning if he wanted to work in the community do it because it made him feel good not because he wants or needs approval from his father. Treatment plan was developed and signed by John and we will meet on a weekly basis. Family Therapy Interventions Due to John stating that the pressure his father puts on him within the family system to be successful, the first intervention to be used will be the family interview. We will follow the five stages of the interview which are social, problem, interaction, goal setting, and ending (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). This interview will give me the tools necessary to properly assess the situation. The interview will also help John and his family understands how each other feels and come up with some interventions to help facilitate change. â€Å"the first obligation of a therapist is to change the presenting problem offered. If that is not accomplished, the therapy is a failure† (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). The first intervention needs to address the problem that John has presented, based upon the interview the interventions that will be implemented will be geared towards progressing with Johns presenting problem. Research Support The research that was obtained was very helpful in forming a counseling plan or treatment plan for this particular client. Family Therapy is known for helping individuals whose presenting problems deal with issues that stem from the family and the environment the individual was brought up in. Family therapy is the best way to look at â€Å"the patterns of communication and the relationships that connect people with one another and to their social and physical environments† (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011, p. 287). In this case we will be looking at how John fits into his family and what his father’s expectations are of John. Interviewing as an intervention will be crucial in figuring out John place in the family and seeing how his and his father’s view of the roles conflict with each other. Family therapy allows for John  and his family to work on their problem solving with each other within the family, expressing their individuality with each other, discussing the positive and negative aspect of their family atmosphere as well as with each other on an individual basis, and lastly the acceptance of each other (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). Family therapy allows for clients to understand their environments as well as to understand their role within that environment. The counselor’s role within the session is to basically guide the discussion and conduct the interview. Family Therapy I feel is the best theory to use for a client such as John Wayne Gacy due to his confusion within his family, particularly when it comes to the relationship with his father and the expectation that his father has for him or at least how John see those expectations. Conclusion This counseling plan reviewed the use of Family Therapy for counseling John Wayne Gacy. Family Therapy is designed to be an extensive look at John Wayne Gacy’s family makeup. John Wayne Gacy’s presenting problems are his father abusing him and his family, his father being an alcoholic, he struggles with his sexuality, and he is anti-social. Family therapy is used to deal with these concerns, so for John, the counseling objective is to find a way to cope with his anger towards his father and to be able to express how his father’s abuse towards the family affected him in a negative way. The counseling plan addresses John’s concerns of worrying about his father’s abuse and constant push for perfection as well as his anti-social tendencies. Due the treatment plan and goals presented and the attitude of John to want to get better, I feel that Family Therapy will be successful for John Wayne Gacy as well as his family. References Bell, R., & Bardsley, M. (n.d.). John wayne gacy jr. In R. BELL (Ed.), Retrieved from http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/gacy/gacy_1.html Bell, R. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.biography.com/people/john-wayne-gacy-10367544 Capuzzi, D., & Gross, D. R. (Ed.). (2011). Counseling and psychotherapy: Theories and interventions (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association Franklin, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.utexas.edu/courses/franklin/62670/Week1.html GenoPro. Family systems theory. Retrieved from http://www.genopro.com/genogram/family-systems-theory/ Inside John Wayne Gacy’s Mind. Chicago: CBS. Retrieved from http://chicago.cbslocal.com/video/6658917-inside-john-wayne-gacys-mind/ Pope, J. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/balance/family-therapy-6301

Sustainability Practices In The Turkish Construction Sector Environmental Sciences Essay

Abstract. The Turkish building services bunch is the thirteenth largest in the universe in footings of exports and has demonstrated really high growing of 63 % in international projects. Katsarakis et Al ( 2007 ) split this bunch into two parts and call them as the lower-quality domestic-only set of houses and the higher choice international houses. On the domestic side, there are more than 30,000 active local houses ( TCA, 2009 ) . On the international houses ‘ side, there are over 140 houses, 23 of which are among the 225 largest building companies worldwide in footings of abroad activities per ENR 2008 listing. This degree of activity, peculiarly the international activity, places upon the Turkish building bunch a duty to guarantee good working conditions for all its employees and to play a polar function in continuing the environment, extenuating bing polluted countries, salvaging natural resources such as H2O, energy and natural stuffs. This paper examines, through a liter ature survey, the current degree of sustainability apprehension in the Turkish building sector. The survey concludes that the degree of sustainability apprehension and hence its execution is unstructured, bit-by-bit, and inappropriate for the prima regional function that the Turkish building bunch will play. The paper concludes that a more holistic attack is required, which will necessitate political policy and larning from best pattern from other states and immensely increased instruction and preparation in the constructs of sustainability. Keywords: Construction bunch, policy, scheme, Sustainability, Turkey 1. Introduction Sustainability is more and more going a cardinal concern of every person. It is a concern that has grown out of a wider acknowledgment that lifting populations and economic development are endangering a progressive debasement of the Earth ‘s resources per CIOB ( 2009 ) . The building, care and usage of edifices have significant impact on our environment and are presently lending significantly to irreversible alterations in the universe ‘s clime, atmosphere and ecosystem. Endeavoring for sustainability is a uninterrupted procedure of alteration. The building industry is confronting ever-increasing demands to better its sustainability public presentation. Sustainable development applies at the political and macro economic degree to communities. The clients and stakeholders of the building industry demand betterments of its patterns and its public image. Karacay ( 2003 ) stated that the epoch of â€Å" more production-more ingestion † is over and a great trade of accent should be to sustainability for uninterrupted sustainable economical growing and development. Sustainable building is a manner for the building industry to travel towards accomplishing sustainable development, taking into history environmental, socio-economic and cultural issues. Specifically, it involves issues such as design and direction of edifices, stuffs and edifice public presentation, energy and resource ingestion – within the larger orbit of urban development and direction. In this paper, sustainability of the substructure undertakings will be concentrated on. Recent publications related to sustainable building in the context of Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) route undertakings ( AkbA ±yA ±klA ± & A ; Eaton, ( 2009a and B ) ) and sustainable substructure developments in the instance of Public-Private Partnership ( PPP ) ( Eaton & A ; AkbA ±yA ±klA ± , ( 2008 ) ) are available. 2. Sustainability Sustainability, as stated by Werbach ( 2009 ) , is more than â€Å" green † ; it is concern agencies, above all, guaranting that the concern thrives in the long term and takes into history every dimension of the concern environment. Sustainability is the concern with long-run profitableness. Sustainability needs a scheme behind that includes all the supply concatenation, top direction engagement and support ; and it relates all the concern organisation. We are in an epoch that the Nature and the equilibrium in the Nature that will govern and regulate the developments in our industry. We will be concerned more than of all time in the value adding in the building concern that will be a combination between sustainability ( societal, economic, environmental and cultural ) , efficiency and effectivity. In Werbach ‘s ( 2009 ) words, â€Å" Until the 1980 ‘s concern leaders used the word sustainability to intend a company ‘s ability to increase its net incomes stea dily ( Werbach, 2009 ) . Sustainability represents the best technology attack of all – the acknowledgment that no undertaking exists in a vacuity, but in a societal and natural context that affects the undertaking and is affected by it in bend. If we take this holistic position of technology, which involves esteeming the natural and human environment in the design, building and operation of our undertakings, we find distinguishable benefits in footings of quality, proficient inventions, and long-run societal, economic and environmental returns ( Tanal ( 2004 ) ) . Harmonizing to Werbach ( 2009 ) , a sustainable concern means a concern that can boom in the long term. Brundtland Report ( 1987 ) , besides known as Our Common Future, alerted the universe to the urgency of doing advancement toward economic development that could be sustained without consuming natural resources or harming the environment. The study was published by an international group of politicians, civil retainers and experts on the environment and development, and provided a cardinal statement on sustainable development specifying it as â€Å" development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † . The study besides suggested that equity, growing and environmental care are at the same time possible and that each state is capable of accomplishing its full economic potency whilst at the same clip heightening its resource base. Furthermore, in the same survey it is reported that accomplishing the equity and sustainable growing would necessitate technological and societal alteration. In stead to this fact, Sage ( 1998 ) stated that sustainability necessitates the development of enlightened establishments and substructure and appropriate direction of hazards, uncertainnesss, and knowledge imperfectnesss to guarantee intergenerational equity, intergenerational equity, and preservation of the ability of Earth ‘s natural systems to function world. As defined by Chaharbaghi & A ; Willis ( 1999 ) and presented in a study on sustainability by FIEC ( 2005 ) , sustainable development is a construct based on a construction which stands on 3 pillars, viz. economic, societal and environmental. This inter-related model is shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1. Three pillars of sustainability ( Chaharbaghi & A ; Willis ( 1999 ) in â€Å" Managing Knowledge in the Context of Sustainable Construction † ITcon Vol. 11 ( 2006 ) ) 3. The building industry and sustainability Sustainable building can be defined as a building procedure which incorporates the basic subjects of sustainable development ( Parkin ( 2000 ) , Chaharbaghi & A ; Willis ( 1999 ) , Sage ( 1998 ) ) . Such building procedures would therefore convey environmental duty, societal consciousness, and economic profitableness aims to the bow in the reinforced environment and installations for the wider community ( Langston & A ; Ding ( 2001 ) , Miyatake ( 1996 ) , Raynsford ( 2000 ) ) . Companies are the cardinal elements of modern economic life and they have an of import function in conveying about the alterations needed for sustainable development. Harmonizing to Wilson ( 2003 ) â€Å" corporate sustainability is a concern attack that creates long term stockholder value by encompassing chances and pull offing hazards deducing from economic, environmental and societal developments. While corporate sustainability recognizes that corporate growing and profitableness are of import ; it besides requires the corporation to prosecute social ends, specifically those associating to sustainable development such as environmental protection, societal justness and equity and economic development † . Werbach ( 2009 ) argues that, if imagined and implemented to the full, sustainability drives a bottom-line scheme to salvage costs, a top-line scheme to make a new consumer base, and a endowment scheme to acquire, maintain, and develop originative employees. The three pillars or as named by Fiksel ( 2001 ) , the â€Å" ternary underside line † , economic prosperity and chance societal equity and quality of life and ecological resource saving represents sustainability as an organisational committedness to accomplishing competitory advantage through the strategic acceptance and development of ecologically and socially supportive production procedures, merchandises and services and advanced human resource direction patterns. ( Dunphy et al ( 2003 ) ) . For those organisations prosecuting sustainability, it is cardinal to their corporate schemes and a critical ingredient in how they assess their effectivity. A survey by Dunphy ( 2004 ) states that â€Å" sustainability consequences from activities which extend the socially utile life of organisations, heighten the planet ‘s ability to keep and regenerate the viability of the biosphere and protect all life species, enhance society ‘s ability to keep itself and to work out its major jobs, keep a nice degree of public assistance for present and future coevalss of humanity † The building industry and the reinforced environment must be counted as two of the cardinal countries required to achieve a sustainable development in societies. It is a widely known fact that, the edifices are responsible for over 40 % of all the waste produced in the European Union. In developing and passage economic systems, building has a immense part to the Gross National Product ( GDP ) ; but this has to be done in a more sustainable mode while bettering the quality of life and making wealth. However, sustainable building adopts different precedences in different states. There are widely different positions and readings between developed and passage and developing states. The developed economic systems are in a place to give more attending to making a more sustainable constructing stock by upgrading, by new developments or the usage of new advanced engineerings. All public procurance should be made consistent with authorities policies for presenting sustainable development, most notably in footings of waste minimisation, H2O efficiency, community regeneration and societal inclusion. In that sense, Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) as an advanced procurance path can play a cardinal function within the industry due to the graduated table of investing involved ; the greater easiness of act uponing the little figure of histrions involved ; and the manner in which PFI contracts secure the long-run battle of contractors. However, sustainability considerations are non sufficiently embedded in the PFI procedure to guarantee consistent bringing, and success is extremely reliant on the motive and expertness of single public sector clients and private contractors ( Green Alliance ( 2004 ) ) . Sustainability within the building industry has no clearly settled definition and no settled organic structure of bing pattern and procedures. The industry has to understand what sustainability is in its context and concentrate on creative activity, prolonging and airing of cognition for sustainable building across the multiple interest holders involved in building undertakings ( Shelbourn et al. , 2006 ) . Many building companies in the UK follow the authorities ‘s aim for sustainable development which is economic growing and prosperity, effectual protection of the environment, careful usage of natural resources ( natural resource protection and environmental sweetening ) and societal advancement. The UK authorities has produced enterprises to title-holder sustainability within the building industry to accomplish sustainable development marks. Recent research plans such as ‘Partners in Innovation ( PiI ) ‘ ( Shelbourn et al, ( 2006 ) ) and others have been funded to back up sustainability within the building industry ( Raynsford ( 2000 ) ) . The ‘Government Construction Clients Panel ‘ ( dwelling of representatives with duty for procurance for most authorities organic structures ) besides has a mark to accomplish sustainability in each undertaking. This enables the authorities to take a prima function, and showcase good pattern in advancing sustainable building ( DEFRA, ( 2004 ) ) . It is the writers ‘ contention that, every company in the building concern must hold a sustainability policy which will be developed and communicated within the organisation. Those policies can be Sustainability Policy, Environmental Policy, Health and Safety Policy and Sustainable Procurement Policy. The policy and rules of sustainability creates a sustainable development which is supported by a sound sustainability scheme. The purpose of such schemes is to develop a common apprehension of the sustainability issues and present effectual and targeted attacks for each stakeholder to lend to accomplishing a more sustainable building industry. In order to recognize all these policies and scheme it is perfectly necessary to hold a Board and Advisory Committee within the organisation that supports and commits to sustainability as a scheme and acts as a nexus between office and operational activities at site degree. Having set these marks fiting with the Government ‘s sustainab le development, building houses must put specific one-year marks for each concern unit and each building undertaking as a whole. After that each house must besides put for his undertakings and company a sustainability appraisal standard which is linked to marks and Key Performance Indicators ( KPI ‘s ) aligned with the concern scheme of the house. These are meant to be some sporadic thoughts from the writers to the building houses that are likely to follow in execution of Sustainability Policy and Strategy in their organisations. The experiences from some taking UK building companies have shown that there are strong concern benefits for more sustainable building. As a successful instance â€Å" Early Solutions Together – Eastern time † programme of Morgan-Est ( Part of Morgan Sindall ) and â€Å" Making Tomorrow a Better Topographic point † programme of Carillion can be named as two good illustrations of sustainable thought and execution in the UK building industry ( Morgan-Est, 2009 ; Carillion, 2009 ) . Carillion is winner of its category – Best Green Company in the UK for medium to big houses Awards in 2008 and Morgan-Est is the victor of Green Apple Award for Environmental Best Practice. This is besides demonstrated through research carried out by Sustainable Construction Task Group ( BRE ( 2001 ) , which concluded that there are clear advantages to be gained, but merely if sustainability is portion of a long-run concern program. This is reinforced by the Building Research Esta blishment, where research has concluded that â€Å" aˆÂ ¦being sustainable is every bit much about efficient profit-orientated pattern and value for money as it is about assisting the environmentaˆÂ ¦ † ( BRE Report ( 2002 ) ) . Such consequences have given the building industry an improved consciousness of sustainability issues. In 1999, around 150 quality of life indexs were produced to better the wellbeing of UK citizens ( Audit Commission ( 2002 ) ) . The industry has begun to acknowledge that monitoring and coverage on sustainability is a critical portion of their concern. Cardinal Performance Indicators, Environmental Performance Indicators, and the acceptance of benchmarking have become progressively common topographic point, and many companies are now bring forthing environmental and sustainability studies, with corporate societal duty going common pattern ( Movement for Innovation, ( 2000 ) , CIRIA ( 2001, 2006 ) . Sing building in developing states, Ofori ( 2007 ) states that, an organized action should be taken to guarantee that the high volume of building that will be undertaken in the development states in the procedure of urbanisation in the ways that are socially and ecologically impact of building. He stresses that this will necessitate a wide duologue between authoritiess, building industry, academe and NGO ‘s at national and international degrees towards the development and execution programs for sustainable building. 4. Turkish building services bunch Harmonizing to Katsarakis et Al ( 2007 ) , the building services bunch in Turkey is the thirteenth largest in footings of exports and has demonstrated a compound one-year growing rate ( CAGR ) of 63 % for the period of 2002 – 2006 in international projects. While the building services bunch represents merely the 6 % of Turkey ‘s gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) , together with all complementary and related industries, it still accounts for 30 % of GDP harmonizing to the TCA ( 2009 ) records. Construction plays a important function in Turkey ‘s economic system using about 1.4 million people which is about 5.5 % of Turkey ‘s entire employment. Turkish building sector is chiefly composed of Small and Medium Enterprises. This composing is really similar to the European building sector. The building sector is chiefly a domestic sector and merely 4 % is international building. The European building industry excessively is composed of about 97 % of SME ‘s. The bunch is divided into two groups: the lower-quality domestic-only set of houses and the higher choice international houses by Katsarakis et Al ( 2007 ) . These two groups portion some but non all bunch participants. On the domestic side, there are more than 30,000 active local houses. On the international side, there are over 140 houses registered to the Turkish Contractors Association, 23 of which are among the 225 largest building companies worldwide in footings of abroad activities ( ENR, Engineering News records ( 2008 ) ) . Harmonizing to a study on the web site of TCA about the Turkish Contracting in the International Market, â€Å" in the last 36 old ages, u p until the terminal of 2008, Turkish Contractors have undertaken about 5,000 undertakings in 70 states, with a combined value of some 130 billion USD. Turkey ranks among the top 12 manufacturers of edifice stuffs in the universe, with such merchandises as cement, glass, steel and ceramic tiles taking a prima function. † Further detailed information is provided in a publication by Yapi Endustri Merkezi ( 2007 ) as follows sing the services of the building and the related industries, Turkey is the 11th largest manufacturer of steel in the universe and third-largest in Europe. Turkey ranks 6th in Europe and 15th in the universe in the production of articles of steel. Turkey is the universe ‘s richest state in marble, with a 40 per centum portion of entire planetary militias. Turkey is the universe ‘s 5th and 4th largest manufacturer of ceramic tiles and ceramic healthful ware, severally. Turkey is among the top glass makers of the universe. Turkey is the 6th largest manufacturer of pigments in Europe. Turkey is the 3rd largest manufacturer of plastic doors and Windowss in Europe. There are 200 major technology confer withing companies in Turkey which are supplying 65 % of the proficient consultancy services realized in Turkey and 90 % of the consultancy services required by the Turkish houses abroad, harmonizing to the records of Association of Turkish Consulting Engineers and Architects ( ATCEA ) presented at their web site. Their one-year turnover is about $ 350 million, and they employ about 5,000 people. 5. Turkey ‘s place on sustainable development Business involvement in corporate sustainability is turning in Turkey. Nemli ( 2009 ) investigated taking Turkish companies ‘ attack to corporate sustainability regarding, Their attitudes and attacks toward sustainability, Their chief patterns associating to environmental and societal sustainability, The grounds why companies adopted sustainability patterns, The grounds why companies have non adopted sustainability patterns and Which companies produce environmental, societal or sustainability studies. Nemli ‘s pre-research surveies showed that merely a few of these companies had formal sustainability schemes. Therefore an scrutiny of the sustainability patterns of these few companies would be more enlightening about sustainability in Turkey. The fact that there are so few companies prosecuting sustainability schemes in Turkey indicates that Turkish companies are at the beginning of sustainability execution in their concern. Nemli ‘s research was related to the fabrication companies and none of the examined companies was involved in the building sector. Harmonizing to Turkey ‘s National Report on Sustainable Development by Ministry of Environment ( 2002 ) and besides summarized in a survey made by Ozkan ( 2003 ) , most of the environmental statute law in Turkey has been affected during the past decennary. An overall appraisal of the Turkish environmental statute law indicates that during the past two old ages, the construct of sustainability was clearly included in the Torahs and ordinances put into consequence. The undermentioned ordinances are considered to be vitally of import, Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, Solid Waste Control Regulations, Hazardous Waste Control Regulations, Air Quality Control Regulations, Water Pollution Control Regulations, Waste Control Regulations, Hazardous Waste Control Regulations. Furthermore, the Ministry of Environment is taking farther legal steps to forestall and command environmental pollution. In this respect, the bing statute law is being reviewed as portion of the attempts to harmonise them with EU statute law. It is anticipated that this measure will lend well towards accomplishing the ends for sustainable development. Turkey had been prosecuting policies in the countries of energy efficiency and environmentally sound engineerings, every bit good as industrial pollution control.A To accomplish sustainable energy development and energy efficiency, the Government had been beef uping attempts to develop and utilize safe engineerings, advancing research and development for appropriate methodological analysiss, raising public consciousness of the issues, and measuring environmental impacts ( A °lkin ( 2006 ) ) .A Harmonizing to the National Report on Sustainable Development 2002, during the past few old ages at that place has been an addition in industrial preparation plans related to work safety, environmental direction systems, quality confidence, and in-service preparation. These plans have been initiated by the Union of Chambers of Commerce and Industry, stock exchanges, Small and Medium Industry Development Organization ( KOSGEB ) , the Quality Association ( KALDER ) , universities, and research establishments ( Ozkan, ( 2003 ) ) . Recycling of edifice stuffs is a really new construct in Turkey. It is merely after the lay waste toing temblor of 1999 in the Marmara part, that some attending has been paid to the huge sum of constructing dust accumulated from the collapsed and dismantled edifices. Waste recycling is recommended and encouraged by the Turkish Ministry of Environment ( Ozkan, ( 2003 ) ) . The Regulations for solid waste disposal go so far as to order that recycled stuffs should be preferred to new 1s. However, the waste referred to in the ordinances belongs to industrial procedures or boxing merely. Harmonizing to the National Report on Sustainability, â€Å" Waste direction is one of the major constituents of the execution of the sustainability rules. Industrial waste direction requires that wastes caused by industry, production and services be managed for the protection of environmental and human wellness by cut downing the loss of natural stuffs used in fabrication. Reducing the sum of waste at the beginning, waste recovery and recycling, every bit good as implementing appropriate waste disposal techniques are among the basic constituents of sustainable development. † ( Ministry of Environment, 2002 ) Harmonizing to Turkey ‘s National Report on Sustainable Development ( 2002 ) , the type of industrial waste in Turkey as a underdeveloped state, is non much different from the type of waste encountered in the developed states of the universe. In order to quantify the sum and composing of industrial waste and to look into the attendant environmental jobs caused Turkish Statistical Institute ( TUIK ) and assorted local authoritiess and industrial organisations ( Union of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Maritime Trade and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey, Chambers of Industry of Istanbul and Kocaeli ) have conducted independent surveies to develop industrial waste stock lists for the period of 1991-1995. Although the industrial waste stock lists of the fabrication sector for 1994-1997, prepared by the TUIK, did non cover the full state, it is the lone legitimate waste stock list informations bank that exists in Turkey. Besides the Industrial Waste Statistics of TUIK, the Ministry of Environment has besides concluded a elaborate industrial waste stock list undertaking in 2002, which encompasses the Marmara, the Mediterranean, and the Western Anatolia Regions ( Ozkan, 2003 ) . Waste generated by the building industry has non been accounted for in the statistics for industrial or family wastes. Since information for waste produced or disposed by the building industry has non been collected by any of these bureaus, the impact of waste from building industries is besides non known. Esin and Cosgun ( 2007 ) argue that retrieving of building waste is non yet prevailing in Turkey. The primary environmental concern should be the prevention/reduction of the coevals of building waste. Sing the sum of waste generated, Turkey declared in the 9th Five Year Development Plan that the primary mark for commanding solid waste is the decrease of the sum of waste generated ( State Planning Organization ( SPO ) , ( 2006 ) ) . One of the basic rules of the said Development Plan is â€Å" Natural resources, cultural assets and the environment will be protected sing the hereafter coevalss, every bit good † . The study furthermore underscores the Turkish State ‘s decision and will sing the sustainability in resource use in following diction: â€Å" Rapid population growing and industrialisation continue to be of import factors endangering sustainable usage of natural resources. The uncertainnesss about the responsibility and authorization distribution among establishments, for the sustainable usage of natural resources while protecting the environment without adversely impacting the production procedure, could non be adequately eliminated ( Item 159, p.38 ) † and â€Å" More efficient production and less waste will be achieved by increasing the effectivity in natural stuff usage with the execution of environment friendly techniques in industry ( Item 463, p.87 ) † . 6. Discussion Turkey has a strong building sector which can easy be considered as a regional leader in quality building and building stuffs. From the literature study it is evident that Turkey ‘s building industry ‘s sustainability place is non to the full structured yet. A few writers indicate that Turkish companies are at the beginning of implementing policies for sustainability. A study done by Turk ( 2009 ) studies that out 68 companies which are members of TCA surveyed had revealed that merely 28 of them had ISO-14001 enfranchisement. The prevailing governmental sustainability papers in Turkey is dated to 2002. Sustainability is a path that all building industries must travel through. This necessitates the industry to alter their concern scheme and organisational constructions and civilizations. This is a long-run and uninterrupted procedure that needs alteration and version of the sustainability attack to make competitory advantage over other challengers in the industry. Global challenges associated with sustainable development are multifaceted, affecting economic, societal, and environmental concerns. These challenges have deductions for virtually every facet of a building house ‘s scheme and concern theoretical account. Most directors frame sustainable development non as a multidimensional chance, but instead as a unidimensional job, affecting ordinances, added cost, and liability. The jobs of stuff ingestion, waste, and pollution associated with industrialisation nowadays an chance for houses to lower cost through the development of accomplishments and capablenesss in pollution bar and eco-efficiency. Investings made to protect the environment or as portion of societal duty were seen as investings that increase the overall costs and diminish fiscal return. Clean engineerings are normally more efficient therefore cut downing emanations and increasing productiveness. Reducing natural stuff usage and increasing recycling and recovery can cut down production costs. There are chances for cost nest eggs that may non go evident even though the benefits accrue straight to the company, until the company is motivated either by ordinance or concerns to better sustainability public presentation to analyze ways of turn toing these jobs and to put in the necessary research ( Nemli, ( 2009 ) ) . The companies ‘ committedness to corporate societal duty and overall repute may be an of import motivation factor for its current and prospective employees. There is besides an insurance value associated with repute. In the event of a job, a company with a good repute can bring on more supportive responses from stakeholders. Output extends beyond organisational boundaries to include the full merchandise life cycle-from natural stuff entree, through production procedures, to merchandise usage and disposal of spent merchandises. Output therefore involves incorporating the desire of the stakeholder into concern procedures through extended interaction with external parties such as providers, clients, regulators, communities, non-governmental organisations, and the media. As such, it offers a manner to both lower environmental impacts across the value concatenation and enhance legitimacy and repute by affecting stakeholders in the behavior of ongoing operations. ( Hart et Al ( 2003 ) ) . The industry and the disposal have to develop a macro policy which will incorporate societal, economical and environmental policies needed to accomplish a sustainable development of the Turkish building industry as a whole. A holistic sustainability policy covering the full building bunch does non be in Turkey yet. The industry needs to make a political organizational organic structure which is compatible with the demands of sustainable development and which is compatible with similar organisations across the universe. For case, The UK Government ‘s scheme for more sustainable building ( DETR, 2000 ) suggests cardinal factors for action by the building industry by widening the basic subjects. These include design for minimal waste ; thin building ; minimise energy in building and usage ; make non foul ; preserve and enhance biodiversity ; conserve H2O resources ; respect people and local environment ; and put marks, proctor and study, in order to benchmark public presentation ( Raynsford ( 2000 ) , Langston & A ; Ding ( 2001 ) , Miyatake ( 1996 ) ) . These could every bit use to Turkey. Advanced experiments from good illustrations in other states can be adapted to the constitutions of the Turkish building sustainable development attempt. The sector requires more funding to build sustainable undertakings due to the current higher monetary value of stuffs, substructure costs and the land-use ratio. It is expected, nevertheless, that the high cost of sustainable building will worsen in line with a rise in the figure of such undertakings. Many clients and end-users are going witting of the sensitive state of affairs of the environment, and are demoing an increasing penchant for buying sustainable terminal merchandises. For illustration, sustainable lodging reduces operational costs and H2O use, and offers improved security. Meanwhile, lodging investors, though willing to establish nature-sensitive undertakings, are hesitating about the hereafter of the sustainable lodging sector given the high costs associated with it. Sustainable development is one of the most outstanding issues which are emphasized in the Turkey. National Environment Strategy and Action Plan prepared in order to accommodate to the societal and economic state of affairss in Turkey. In the Turkish National Report ( 2002 ) , it is emphasized that in order to sum up the current state of affairs, it has benefited from the Environment subdivision of the 9th Five Year Development Plan ( 2007-2013 ) increased sensitiveness to the demand for a clean environment. Although the environment is a moderately of import issue in Turkey, it has some advantages and disadvantages in respects to environment and sustainable development. The advantages are as stated by TUBITAK ( 2003 ) , Our natural resources ‘ non being wholly polluted, The increasing consciousness of the environment particularly among the immature population, The adequateness of scientific and proficient human resources who can work in this field make it favoured in respects of accomplishing sustainable development. The disadvantages of Turkey in this field are, In malice of non being wholly polluted, their is go oning pollution of natural resources, Making usage of natural resources related to an investing for environmental betterment without taking attention of the set purposes, Not maintaining a record of information and informations consistently related to environment, Data which are recorded holding no criterion in footings of informations aggregation, confirmation, rating and transforming into information. In relation to development programs and sustainable development in Turkish metropoliss, Ercoskun ( 2005 ) argues that the current development programs of metropoliss do non see urban individuality and ecological values and the regional programs do non see infinites between edifices, clime, illuming, way, air circulation, natural energy, etc. , ensuing the Turkish metropoliss to be unsustainable. Furthermore, she states that planning is one of the chief tools in Turkish sustainable development and concluding that the Turkish planning system ( Development Plans, Laws and Applications ) has to be challenged from the sustainability point of position. Supplying sustainable development is non merely limited to direction of natural resources, providing equipment or commanding them. Persons should carry through their responsibilities as responsible citizens in order to accomplish sustainable development with respects of environmental protection. Therefore, it is imperative that persons be taught the topic of sustainable development get downing in primary school, every bit good as doing them cognizant of the environment.