Fresh Foods and Canned Foods Essay

Eating is an activity that we regularly do at least twice a day. We live in a world where the variety of food is immense, and we decide what we eat and how it will affect our bodies. As a reason, flavor, health benefits, and cost are the differences between eating fresh foods and canned foods. The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor. Fresh foods have great flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions. In contrast, canned foods lack a lot of its flavor characteristics because there are some other chemical products added to the natural foods. For instance, the producers used to add more salt to a canned of beef to make the product salty instead of leaving its natural flavor. It is logical that fresh foods will have a better taste and flavor because you will satisfy with your own taste when you do the cooking while the canned food do not give your own favorite taste. By comparing both types of foods we notice another difference. Health is a factor that affects both of them. Canned foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients when they are stored. They have to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that extend the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food, but could also become poisonous if consumed often. Moreover, canned foods will be expired in a specific time. Therefore, it is dangerous when you do not notice the expired day of the canned foods. Another difference between these two types of foods is the cost. Canned foods are more expensive than fresh foods. The benefit of buying canned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a supermarket instead of the market like the fresh foods, and they require less work to prepare than fresh foods, just open and serve. As we can see it comes down to a personal choice, based on the time each person has, the money and the importance he or she gives to his or her nutrition and health. Therefore, it is important that you consider your possibilities and choose the best type of foods for your convenience and lifestyle.

Neoclassical Economics and Grameen Bank

NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS Neoclassical is the most widely taught form of economics in the present world, making it to be the primary take on modern day economics. In a nutshell, neoclassical economics makes an approach to economics that relates supply and demand to an individual’s rationality and his or her ability to maximize utility or profit. Neoclassical economic has also increased the use of mathematical equations in the study of various aspects of the economy. While Economic theory tries to explain how scarce resources are allocated to given and alternative ends with an approach that considers these elements as extra-economic ones.The more conceptual framework of the main schools of economic theory is the Neoclassical economics, Austrian economics, Evolutionary economics and others are based on an insufficient understanding of anthropology and this fact limits their explanatory capacity. In the understanding of neoclassical economic theory, the basic tools are elaborated un der the following assumptions: (1) The neoclassical individual (consumer and producer) is defined as a given option structure. (2) All the â€Å"means and ends† considered have an equivalent monetary expression. 3) The only channel of communication between individuals is prices. 4) All the social relations and social ambits are considered as market exchange transaction. Concept of Microcredit and Grameen Bank Poverty is one of the vital problems of the third world countries, and to elevate poverty microcredit has become the most popular approach to address this undesirable phenomenon. According to Jonathan Murdoch, Chairman of UN Expert Group on Poverty Statistics, â€Å"Microcredit stands as one of the most promising and cost-effective tools in the fight against global poverty. Based on three C (character, capacity and capital ) this model, perceived more than a quarter century ago in Bangladesh, is now being pursued around the globe. In spite of this popularity, there is s kepticism about the model’s ability to make â€Å"major dent in the two poverty situation†. These criticisms, however, seem just as weak as the arguments supporting the model. One apparent reason is that both the claims and criticism are founded on the same theoretical perspective of neoclassical economics.The word â€Å"microcredit† did not exist before the seventies. In today’s world microcredit refers to the agricultural credit, or rural credit, or cooperative credit, or consumer credit, credit from the savings and loan associations, or from credit unions, or from money lenders. Microcredit data are compiled and published by different organizations. They are the Number of poor borrowers, and their gender composition, loan disbursed, loan outstanding, balance of savings, etc. under each of these categories, country wise, region wise, and globally.These sets of information will tell us which category of microcredit is serving how many poor borrowers, the ir gender break-up, their growth during a year or a period, loans disbursed, loans outstanding, savings, etc. simultaneously, Grameen credit is based on the premise that the poor have skills which remain unutilized or under-utilized. It is definitely not the lack of skills which make poor people poor. Grameen believes that the poverty is not created by the poor; it is created by the institutions and policies which surround them.In order to eliminate poverty all we need to do is to make appropriate changes in the institutions and policies, and/or create new ones. Grameen believes that charity is not an answer to poverty. It only helps poverty to continue. It creates dependency and takes away individual's initiative to break through the wall of poverty. Unleashing of energy and creativity in each human being is the answer to poverty. Grameen Bank brought credit to the poor, women, the illiterate, and the people who pleaded that they did not know how to invest money and earn an income. Grameen created a methodology and an institution around the financial needs of the poor, and created access to credit on reasonable term enabling the poor to build on their existing skill to earn a better income in each cycle of loans. The process of breaking up the vicious cycle of poverty through microcredit is elaborated below: At first a small group of five people is made where only two are granted with a loan. Depending on their performance in repayment the next two borrowers can then apply and, subsequently, the fifth number as well.The assumption is that if individual borrowers are given access to credit, they will be able to identify and engage in viable income-generating activities – simple processing such as paddy husking, lime-making, manufacturing such as pottery, weaving, and garment sewing, storage and marketing and transport services. Women were initially given equal access to the schemes, and proved not only reliable borrowers but astute entrepreneurs. As a re sult, they have raised their status, lessened their dependency on their husbands and improved their homes and the nutritional standards of their children.Today over 90 percent of borrowers are women. The percent of women members throughout 2002 to 2003 was within close proximity of the 95% mark, from 2004 to 2005 is 96%, in 2006 is 97% and in 2007 it remain same i. e. , 97%. Graph: Percent of Women Members in Grameen Bank. â€Å"If we can come up with a system which allows everybody access to credit while ensuring excellent repayment – I can give you a guarantee that poverty will not last long. † -Nobel Laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus. Founder of the Grameen Bank- Dr.Yunus has set up a ground breaking world record and today has become known throughout the world. Grameen bank’s microcredit program has been replicated in nearly every country. Since October 2006, when Professor Yunus and Grameen Bank jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize, this in interest has gr own manifold. Muhammad Yunus’s vision is the total eradication of poverty from the world. ‘Grameen', he claims, ‘is a message of hope, a program for putting homelessness and destitution in a museum so that one day our children will visit it and ask how we could have allowed such a terrible thing to go on for so long'.This work is a fundamental rethink on the economic relationship between the rich and the poor, their rights and their obligations. The World Bank recently acknowledged that ‘this business approach to the alleviation of poverty has allowed millions of individuals to work their way out of poverty with dignity. Up to 2003, the number of members was 3. 13 million. In 2007, this figure stood at 7. 41 million. It represents an increase of 137. 25% from 2003 to 2007 and an average annual growth of 27. 45% during the year period. Graph: Growth of Membership Credit is the last hope left to those faced with absolute poverty.That is why Muhammad Yunus beli eves that the right to credit should be recognized as a fundamental human right. It is this struggle and the unique and extraordinary methods he invented to combat human despair that Muhammad Yunus recounts here with humility and conviction. It is also the view of a man familiar with both Eastern and Western cultures on the failures and potential for good of industrial countries. It is an appeal for action: we must concentrate on promoting the will to survive and the courage to build in the first and most essential element of the economic cycle – man.Initially starting on Bangladesh, microcredit system develops its helping flow to almost 43 countries, included U. S. Naming as Grameen America, the bank's entry into the US, its first in a developed market, comes as mainstream banks' credibility has been hit by the mortgage meltdown and many people are turning to fringe financial institutions offering loans at exorbitant interest rates. â€Å"It’s actually supposed to he lp those below a certain poverty line who are looking for self-employment as a route out of poverty. says Raj Desai of the Brookings Institution, U. S. ’s one of the top public policy making organizations. CRITICISM OF MICROCREDIT AND GRAMEEN BANK The microcredit system is really a blessing for the developing country. It deals directly with the poor population of the country. But the microcredit movement does have critics, who say that, some lending programs charge excessive interest rates. Also, there is concern that funding for microcredit programs will be diverted from other needed programs such as health, water projects and education.Credit programs may enable poor people to improve their situation, but they do not eliminate the need for other basic social and infrastructure services. Some other problems that have been reported with microcredit: * Turning a profit on the loan * Inability to reach the poorest of the poor * Microcredit dependency * Durability of poverty red uction Turning a profit on the loan One of the most fundamental problems with microcredit programs is the difficulty involved in actually turning a profit on the loans.In the first place, borrowers must bear not only the cost of the loan but also interest payments. Since, the interest rate is too high, they have to payback more amount than they had borrowed. Moreover, investments may not turn a profit. In this event the money to repay the loan must come from reduced consumption or borrowing from some other source, usually on worse terms. Inability to reach the poorest of the poor A second important drawback to microcredit programs is that they don’t reach the poorest members of the society.To quote, â€Å"the poorest have a number of constraints (fewer income sources, worse health and education, etc) which prevent them from investing the loan in high-return activity† The same report also writes that â€Å"there appears to be a growing consensus that moderate-poor micr o-credit borrowers benefit more than extremely poor borrowers. † The reasons for this are clear. The poorest need tiny loans which are not cost effective even for microcredit programs. The poorest also place the greatest demands on microcredit a training program, which makes the cost of lending even higher.As microcredit programs are pressured to become more self-sufficient, the incentive to lend to such desperately poor borrowers evaporates. (Mayoux, 1997)   Ã‚  Ã‚   This is a major problem for microcredit programs. Although they are raising some people out of poverty and keeping some people from further poverty, they do not appear to be reaching the people who need assistance the most. In fact, such programs may even be increasing the chasm between the poorest and the rest of society. This is clearly a failure for programs whose avowed purpose is to narrow the gap between rich and poor, and rise up the poorest members of society.Micro credit dependency Another possible fai lure of microcredit programs lies behind seemingly benign statistics. Some researchers have proposed the idea that the high repayment rates, repeated borrowing, and low drop-out rates indicate a dependency on microcredit programs rather than an attraction to successful microcredit programs on the part of poor borrowers. Many borrowers have no alternative to borrowing from microcredit programs, and consequently cannot afford to default. Neither can they afford to stop borrowing or drop-out of the programs. There is nowhere else for them to go.In order to stay in good standing with the microcredit program, borrowers may even be forced to resort to pawnbrokers or other alternate sources of funding. Furthermore, unless borrowers can increase their incomes they may become permanently dependent on microcredit lending . This a very real possibility as was noted above. Again this is a significant failure, as many microcredit programs tout themselves as more progressive alternatives to the e xisting systems of informal credit which have caused so many problems in poverty stricken areas (systems such as share cropping, debt bondage, and so on).The chances of microcredit programs’ becoming just another form of debt-based oppression is real and must be addressed before microcredit programs can progress much further. And yet it has hardly been discussed up to this point. Durability of Poverty Reduction A related problem is the durability of poverty reduction. Infusions of cash in almost any amount are bound to have some effect on the poverty stricken borrowers. But this does not necessarily mean that the effect will be permanent. The poverty reductions may be rolled back in two ways.First of all, borrowers may use loans for consumption purposes which result in a momentary increase in living standards, but which must be paid for by cuts in future consumption. Secondly, borrowers must make a net profit on their investments. Otherwise, as noted above, they may become de pendent on the creditor programs. Even if they do not become dependent on microcredit lenders, they will still have failed to improve their economic position. Again, this would be a failure of microcredit lenders to achieve their goals. Diverted from Other NeedsThere is concern that funding for microcredit programs will be diverted from other needed programs such as health, water projects and education. Credit programs may enable poor people to improve their situation, but they do not eliminate the need for other basic social and infrastructure services. CRITICISM OF GRAMEEN BANK Negative sides Many people do not appreciate Grameen Bank’s policies. They it’s a money making policy of Dr. Muhammad Yunus. Some critics strongly criticized Grameen bank’s excessive interest rates. It charges simple interest rate of 20% a year, compared with compound interest of 13-16% at Bangladesh’s commercial banks.Sudhirendar Sharma of New Delhi writes that the effect of the Grameen strategy has not been to reduce poverty but only to create a debt trap for borrowers, who are being charged very high rates of interest relative to conventional banks. Jeffrey Tucker says, â€Å"Microcredit basically bunkum and it won’t work at all without the help of massive grants, I believe Yunus has most probably been swindling money! † Even, it has attracted criticism from the present prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, who commented, â€Å"There is no difference between usurers [Yunus] and corrupt people. Hasina touches upon one criticism of Grameen Bank: the high rate of interest that the bank demands from those seeking credit. Similar to all microfinance institutes, the interest charged by Grameen Bank is higher compared to that of traditional banks, as Grameen's interest (reducing balance basis) on its main credit product is about 20%. Another source of criticism is that of the Grameen's Sixteen Decisions. Critics say that the bank's Sixteen Decisions force families and borrowers to abide by the rules and regulations set forth by the bank. The bank is very strict about their loan recovery.There are even allegations that they do not consider natural calamities like floods that may prevent repayment of loans quickly. Particular examples include the large number of loan defaults following the flood in 1998. Furthermore, many critics doubt the continued sustainability of the venture, citing the need for large government investment in the program. Positive sides There is no denial that Grameen Bank has changed the rural life of Bangladesh dramatically. Those people who were unable to borrow money from the Agricultural Bank, now easily get money from Grameen bank.On the other hand we can say, it has helped to improve the agriculture of Bangladesh. The poor people are taking the benefit of the small loans. It brings a vital change in the life of the Bangladeshi rural women. In Bangladesh the women were treated badly. But now, Grameen bank has changed their life significantly. Study shows that total number of borrowers’ is 4. 76 million and 96% of those are women. Grameen bank offers some exciting loans at 0% interest rates. Such as: * Higher Education Loan: Interest is 0% i. e. no interest is charged while students are studying.A 5% is charged as service charge after graduation. This scheme allows children of our members to obtain higher education in various fields like healthcare, engineering enabling them to finish their honours and masters degrees. * Struggling Member Program: This special program is designated for beggars, charging 0% interest. As of December 2006, about 90,000 beggars have received loans under this program. * Village Centre Construction Loan: Members take this loan for constructing local village centers. No interest is charged i. e. , interest rate is zero.Having some problems, although, Grameen bank is helping to improve the economic condition of Bangladesh. It’s imp ossible to eradicate poverty overnight, but so far the process of micro credit is handling the economic condition very well. CONCLUSION Thus, the question that must be raised with respect to eradicating poverty from the Third World is whether microcredit can contribute toward removing the constraints that limit individuals' liberty. In the current development discourse, this issue is discussed under the category of â€Å"good governance†.It seems obvious that microcredit promoters can hardly challenge the vested interests, which are responsible for producing poverty in the Third World. The second Microcredit Summit (a campaign led by Dr. Yunus himself) to be held next year should seriously take into consideration this point. For the exaggeration of microcredit's role and success in poverty reduction is apparently driving away society and policy makers' attention from the real factors causing pervasive poverty in the Third World. Do the activities of the Grameen Bank and other micro-lenders romanticize individual struggles to escape poverty?Yes. Do these programs help some women â€Å"pull themselves up by the bootstraps†? Yes. Will micro-enterprises in the informal sector contribute to ending world poverty? Not a chance. Bibliography 1. Hossain, Mahabub (1988): â€Å"Credit for the Alleviation of Rural Poverty: The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. † Washington, D. C. : IFPRI, Research Report No. 65. 2. Morduch, Jonathan and Barbara Haley (2001): â€Å"Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction. † NYU working paper. http://www. nyu. edu/wagner/public_html/cgi-bin/workingPapers/wp1014. pdf 3. â€Å"Past Five Years of Grameen Bank. 2008. Grameen Bank. 5 Aug 2009 . 4. Yunus, Muhammad. Creating a World Without Poverty. 1st. New York: Public Affairs, 2007. 5. Brue, Stanley L. The Evolution of Economic Thought. 6th. New York: Harcourt College Publisher, 2000. 6. McConnell, Campbell, Stanley Brue, and Tom Barbiero. Microeconom ics. 11th Canadian Edition. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2007. 7. Olivier Jean Blanchard (1987). Neoclassical Synthesis, â€Å"The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics†, v. 3, pp. 634-36. . â€Å"Grameen Bank. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Aug 2009, 20:45 UTC. 5 Aug 2009 . 9. â€Å"Neoclassical economics. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 31 Jul 2009, 21:21 UTC. 31 Jul 2009 10. Bouman, F. A. J. â€Å"The design of microfinance policies and programmes. † The WWW Virtual Library Microcredit and Microfinance. 1989. Web. 5 Aug 2009. .

Introduction to Duty of Care in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings

All health and social care organisations have a duty of care towards any one that they may look after no matter what their age may be. This basically means that we must do what we can to keep a person of any age in our care safe from harm.Describe how the duty of care affects own work role.I must at all times ensure that the person or persons that I look after are free from dangers within their care setting, this maybe from obstacles in the path that they walk that could cause a trip or fall. Make sure my hands are clean before the preparation of meals and drinks and to ensure person or person’s hands are clean before they start to eat their meal, this can prevent infections. To ensure person or person’s receive personal care, this can prevent urination burns, good hygiene to prevent infection to themselves and others.Understand support available for addressing dilemma’s that may arise about duty of care. 2.1 Describe dilemma’s that may arise between the d uty of care and individual’s rights. 1 dilemma could be personal care whether they are capable of assisting with their own personal care or of in need of receiving assistance with personal care. We are here to help maintain good personal hygiene but sometimes a person will refuse to assist themselves or allow someone to assist them, if this happens then it is their right to refuse they cannot be forced into something they do not want to do or receive something they don’t want.2.2 Explain where to get additional support and advice about how to resolve such dilemma’s. I would talk to the person whose personal hygiene was in question, to try and find out what the problem may be or look in their care plan to look at their background as there could be something within their past that could help. Also if a person in your care is prone to an illness  such as UTI that can cause more confusion and change in personality report it immediately so necessary testing can be carried out. Talk to my team leader, sometimes an underlying illness can cause a person to react in a certain way, so possible G.P input maybe needed to rule anything out. Talk to the person’s family they may be able to help, the person may feel more comfortable around their family. In some cases you may need to get input from social workers and CPN.Know how to respond to complaints3.1 Describe how to respond to complaints.First of all listen to the complaint and assess the right action to take. It all depends on what level of seriousness the complaint is. Once you have established this you should be able to either deal with the complaint yourself or advise which course of action to take and to whom to take the complaint to next.3.2 Identify the main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints. Complaints procedure has different methods depending on type of complaint and if it is a complaint that has not been dealt with previously with the desired results. Firstly tal k to manager of the home this may be via telephone, or personally usually this can get your complaint dealt with straight away. Put your complaint in writing or email to either the manager of the home or to the area manager. They would then have to write or email you with acknowledgement of your complaint, also details of how long it may take to deal with your complaint and why. If the complaint is of a very serious nature you can then go to the Care Quality Commission.

African American Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

African American Final - Essay Example Slavery, otherwise known as forced as labor, was a form of human power that existed legally from the early colonial period. Slavery became illegal in the Northwest Territory following a declaration set forth by the Congressi. Following these struggles towards freeing the black people from the York of their masters, whites, many scholars, and researchers put down into writing many scholarly articles explaining in chronology what really happened back in those days. Present in the list of these scholars are Donald Wright, Deborah Gray White, and John Hope Franklin among others. Apart from these acclaimed writers, there were great fictional works presented in form of images and ideas in the Jubilee, Amistad, and Glory. Their main feature focuses on slavery in America and gives a clear understanding about its end. Introduction Once more, slavery gained its grip in 1800 despite its illegality due to the rise of cotton industry. However, in 1807, it became illegal and punishable. At this po int, cases abolishing slavery and its expansion were rampant whereby a small number of abolitionists from the North denounced the act as sinful. These sentiments faced great opposition from anti-slavery forces who rejected the move claiming that it was detrimental and inflicted the rights of free men. In spite of rising attempts to comprise slave abolishment, eleven states that broke away in 1861 joined forces and formed the Confederate States of America. This indicated that, all the attempted compromises failedii. To give slavery a natural death, the 1862 Union vowed to make slave abolition a war to win and in 1865, all the slaves within the Untied States of America were free and their owners received no compensation. In this essay, I will seek to organize and develop a thoughtful writing on the end of slavery in the United States. African Americans and the end of slavery in the United States Documented evidence asserts that, people of African American decency played a major role t owards the abolishment of slavery in America. All this was because of a mistake committed in the 1619 when the first African slaves set foot on the American soil in Virginia. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 gave rise to increased demand for more slaves. However, seeing what they were undergoing, some enslaved African Americans such as Gabriel Prosser who was a blacksmith, planned to organize a slave revolt aimed at marching on Richmond, Virginia. Upon uncovering their conspiracy, the state federal fugitive law authorized hanging of Prosser in conjunction with a number of the rebels. African Americans, in addition to the whites, acted figuratively in view of ending slavery in Americaniii. Great people like Denmark Vesey who was an African American carpenter, purchased his freedom to become a slave abolishment activist. He planned a slave revolt intending to lay siege in a place on Charleston, South Carolina. The most significant role was that of the enslaved Af rican American Preacher, Nat Turner since he led the most intuitive uprising of slavery in the American History. Together with his band of followers, Turner launched a short but bloody rebellion in the county of Southampton in Virginia. Additionally, the publishing of the weekly paper, Liberator, by William Lloyd Garrison advocated and led to full abolition of slavery upon creating complete awareness of freedom. The Liberator gave rise to the publishing of the Uncle Tom’s Cabin Novel by Harriet Stowe. This novel sparked a great deal of anti-slavery sentiments, which were highly influential. President Lincoln tops the list of all the

The Wars of the roses were caused by weak kingship.In the context of Coursework

The Wars of the roses were caused by weak kingship.In the context of the period c1377-1487,how far does this statement explain - Coursework Example Although this paper covers the period of 1377-1487, a special attention will be paid to the events of 1450-71, even though the other time spans of the said period will be duly analysed as the case may be. To achieve this goal, I have decided to divide my paper into four sections, three of which have their sub-sections. In the first section, I will deal with the influence of personal qualities of Henry VI on the political events which led to the Wars of the Roses, as well as on disintegration of central authority in the preceding years. The comparison between Henry VI and the other kings of the period will be provided with a view to determining the impact of royal personality on political processes of the period. In the second section, I aim to discuss the role of political and blood feuding between various noble houses as exacerbating instability and general political crisis both in the beginning of the Wars and during their immediate course. I will look both at the main conflict cen tred on the leaders of Yorkist and Lancastrian factions and at the different local feuds that led to the situation steadily deteriorating. The third section deals with the impact of the external factors, focussing on the loss of Lancastrian France and the discontents it generated. The economic crisis and the dynastic factor are briefly analysed in section 4. At the end of the essay some conclusions on the interrelation between the weakening of royal power under Henry VI and the other causes of the Wars of the Roses are provided. I also include the detailed bibliography of the subject under consideration after the Works Cited that would provide additional support to the argument that this paper defends. THE WEAKNESS OF THE KING Academics’ views on the personal qualities of Henry VI. There is no doubt that the reign of Henry VI was marked by progressive weakening of royal prestige and authority, which eventually led to the major strife among the nobles of the realm. For instanc e, Wolffe argues that Henry VI’ character was marked by â€Å"perverse wilfulness† and that his â€Å"wilful incompetence and untrustworthiness† made him completely unreliable in the affairs of government (Wolffe, â€Å"The Personal Rule† 44). McFarlane remarks that the â€Å"inanity† of Henry VI in the years of his personal rule was characteristic of an infantile person incapable of independent reasoning (McFarlane, â€Å"Nobility† 284). In addition, Carpenter finds that the period of personal rule of Henry VI was characterised by â€Å"the lack of the royal will at the heart of it† (88). At the same time, Griffiths observes that Henry VI was by nature â€Å"a well-intentioned man†, but at the same time he agrees that the king was â€Å"over-merciful and compassionate to those at fault, yet fearfully suspicious of those who were rumoured to be doing him personal harm (Griffiths, â€Å"The Reign of Henry VI† 253). Howev er, to prove or disprove such claims, one has to look

Absolute and Constitutional Monarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Absolute and Constitutional Monarchy - Essay Example Conversely, in a constitutional monarchy, the queen, king, or ruler has restricted authority because they govern side by side with another governing unit (Davies 699). An absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy are two dissimilar structures arising from the monarchy form of administration. A monarch form of government is where the appointed sole leader controls the entire nation. Distinctions between an absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy arose in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when a large number of European nations were experimenting with constitutional monarchies and absolutism. They were established with the demise of the church and in part because of holy conflicts (Davies 699). Absolute monarchies are governed by a ruling dynasty or person that has total authority over their empire, for example, Russian leaders asserted extreme autocratic authority by divine entitlement, and that the people did not have the right to regulate their authority. In a number of instances, the rulers permit advisors to work for them. The leader can also give or take concessions as he desires. The constitutional monarchy was developed when the rulers began misusing their authorities. These people started presuming that God selected and gave them the authority. This outlook proved to be detrimental to the safety of their empires and their integrity. Moreover, constitutional monarchies have restricted authority (Davies 700). There is a chosen representative unit which develops a constitution that the ruler cannot evade, for example, England, which was constrained by the Act of Settlement 1701 and Bill of Rights 1689.

Explain the relationship between money supply and inflation Essay

Explain the relationship between money supply and inflation - Essay Example money supply and the level of inflation within a specific period of time. Link between money supply and inflation Trying to relate money supply to inflation is not as direct as it sounds as numerous factors also play significant roles in predicting or measuring inflation (Mankiw 2008). However, the link between money supply and inflation is easily explained as a near natural occurrence since when money is in high supply within an economy the demand for it reduces. In this scenario the market is able to afford higher prices for commodities because money supply has increased. At the same time the consumers are not able to revert back to the old prices as long as the buying power of their currency is still under value erosion. Economic theories Economic theories also affect how this relationship is explained. The monetarism theory for example, expresses the relationship in the form of MV = PT which translates to; M = Money Supply V = Money Velocity P = Price Level T = Transactions In th is scenario transactions are constant just as velocity is while supply and prices are directly related (Browne and Cronin 2010). The fundamental argument set forth by monetarism theory is that rising money supply leads to inflation in the situation that the rise in the former exceeds growth of the National Income. It is still under this that T = Transactions is replaced with Y = National Income in many occasions as near-accurate measurements of the former always prove to be difficult. The new equation derived therefore reads; MV = PY. According to Bernanke and Woodford (2006), one notable proponent of monetarism, Friedman stated that ‘†¦ inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon’. Further arguments state that inflation is generally as a result of uncalled-for swells in a nation’s money supply. In respect to velocity, monetarists claim that it is fixed and if it varies the variants are insignificant. The same case applies to the output which is represented by Y and both V and Y are fixed in the short term. An example lies below; When MS = $2,500 and V = 4 ----- Y = 10,000 units Eqn. 2,500*4 = 10,000 With doubling of MS comes doubling of price level as elaborated below; 5,000*4 = 20,000 In the above scenarios Friedman stated that increase in MS takes between 9 to 12 months to result to increased output (Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel and MacPherson 2008). He further stated that it is after another year that output will be at equilibrium with increase in prices to put up with already high money supply. AD & AS model (Hornle 2008) When considering aggregate demand and supply model it is clear to see that when there is increase in money supply there will be increased spending. This will essentially result to a shift of the Aggregate Demand to the right (Hornle 2008). In this scenario producers then engage more of their resources in order to meet the rising demand. The resultant effect is an increased national output that is beyond t he equilibrium level causing an inflationary gap in the economy. With increased production producers enrol more employees therefore increasing their expenditure. In this scenario workers are willing to work for longer periods as there is a corresponding rise in their nominal wage. With continued increase in prices money loses value and a movement is witnessed along the newly formed Aggregate Demand (Woodford 2008). It is at this

International Students Problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Students Problems - Assignment Example Schlossberg Theory of Transition is a model of psychosocial advancement that analyzes life occasions which influence different parts of a singulars life and their societal parts. The individuals' observation of the move is as critical to see how an individual is influenced by his/her changing life occasions to the extent that the sort, setting, and effect of the move itself. Schlossberg delineated the moving process with the terms of "moving in", "traveling through" and "moving out". Methods for adapting to move, whether constructive or pessimistic, hail from surveying an individual's advantages and liabilities in the four zones which Schlossberg termed as the 4 Ss – the circumstance, self, backing, and procedure. The principle utilization of Schlossberg's theory is with grown-up learners and they've come back to higher instruction. Compared to conventional scholars, non-custom understudies are for the most part at numerous distinctive focuses throughout their life because of the different sorts of moves they have experienced. Programming created on the 4 Ss can help grown-up learners to distinguish and draw upon their advantages in adapting to the discernment of moving into the test of coming back to class rather than just seeing what their restriction could be. Schlossberg Transition Theory is generally dependent upon the singular and what they think about to be a move in their life. Here is a snappy survey of the steps and thoughts behind Schlossberg's Theory: Indeed, inside Europe societies might be distinctive. It may be troublesome to get used to another society. You may wish to discuss this with other universal understudies in a help supportive network run by the advising administration You may think that it troublesome to comprehend your teacher or different learners. You should not be humiliated. It is paramount to tell somebody of your troubles, with the goal that you can accept help.

2.Neorealism and Complexity theory and their different notions of the Essay

2.Neorealism and Complexity theory and their different notions of the term system - Essay Example According to the complexity theory, studies (Waldrop 1992) indicate that the way systems are organized is not a coincidence. It is a result of laws of nature that are not fully understood but allow systems to organize themselves and freely bring about order (Waldrop 1992). It perceives a system as being able to demonstrate properties and patterned behaviors that are not found in any of the individual elements that make it up (Battram 2002). According to neorealism, anarchy and distribution of capabilities are the ordering principles that define the international structure (Mearsheimer 2001). They are quantified by the number of great powers in the international system. In the international system, the anarchic ordering principle is decentralized and composed of sovereign states which will not subordinate their interests for the sake of others (Waltz 1979). With regards to changes in distribution of capabilities, neorealism provides three systems. There is a unipolar system which only has one great power, then the bipolar system with two great powers and thirdly, the multipolar system that has more than two great powers (Waltz 1979). This theory contends that the bipolar system is less vulnerable to systemic changes and great power war than the multipolar system. This is because in the bipolar system, balancing only takes place internally without great powers to form alliances with, limiting the chances for errors and g reat power war (Mearsheimer 2001). In conclusion, the complexity theory views a system as one that numerous independent agents interact with each other in multiple and infinite ways. Conversely, neorealism views a system from the angle of structural constraints rather than the motivations and strategies of its

Feminism, Environmentalism, and Postmodernism Essay

Feminism, Environmentalism, and Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "Feminism, Environmentalism, and Postmodernism" gives a detailed information about feminism, environmentalism, and postmodernism. Postmodernism developed as a result of man’s rejection of ideas and practices of the modern era. Postmodernism is an attempt to change the way man formerly thought and used language. Feminism developed in three waves. The first ended in all women over the age of eighteen obtaining the right to vote. The second wave was a continuation of the struggles of the first as well as the awareness of the female’s personal life as absolutely joined to the politics of the day. The female viewed her life as a struggle in a male dominated source of political power. The woman as child bearer and homemaker was challenged at every corner during this wave. Hence this second wave was concerned with an end to discriminatory practices in society against women. The third wave denoted a response to the apparent failure of the initiatives of the second wav e. The third wave feminism adopted an ideology that is purported by postmodernism. Thus, the third wave usually focused on â€Å"micro politics†. These contemporary feminists advocate reconstruction of the entire society in order to bring about positive change. They incorporate postmodernism as well as post-structuralism into the feminism debates. Hence, they viewed language as the source of construction for sex and gender. As postmodernist in nature, contemporary feminist view the history of females’ discrimination as unimportant.

Greasy lake and the three immature teenagers Essay Example for Free

Greasy lake and the three immature teenagers Essay Greasy Lake by T. Coraghesan Boyle’s is the story of a group of adolescents, searching for the one situation that will proclaim them as bad boys and how their minds change. The greasy lake is a short story which the narrator uses details, imagination and language to describe and represent the moral condition of each character. Also, during the story the narrator shows us how each character becomes closer to maturity after facing a crazy and unexpected night in a local lake, where we are all witness to and extreme change in their lives causes by immature action. Three young men, who considered themselves bad, were out looking for trouble and excitement on their summer break. One of the most interesting things was the perception they had about being tough or being cool at the time. It is very interesting how the three young showed his toughness throwing eggs at the houses of their neighbors. They were acting irresponsibly, drinking too much alcohol and doing drugs, which caused errors in their decision. This was the way of thinking of the three young men â€Å"we wore torn-up leather jackets, slouched around with toothpicks in our mouths, sniffed glue†. The bad choices they made would somewhere along the line cause their fate to step in, but no one knew what is going to happen that night. The boys must face their reality of becoming responsible adult men. For example, whether someone chooses to be responsible and do their homework that kind of actions determines if the three young men are capable to be responsible. The actions the boys took and the words they said eventually determined their immaturity. â€Å"On this, the third night, we’d cruised the strip sixty-seven times, been in and out of every bar and club we could think of in a twenty –mile radius, stopped twice for bucket of chicken and forty-cent hamburgers, debated going to a party at the house of a girl Jeff’s sister knew, and chucked two dozen raw eggs at mailboxes and hitchhikers.† If they would have chosen to go to the party at Jeff’s sister’s friend’s house then none of the trouble at Greasy Lake would have happened. The whole scene is dark to begin with the irresponsible choice they made to drink alcohol ultimately affected the rest of their choices and  actions. Alcohol may have distorted their judgments, which may have lead them to believe they saw Tony Lovett’s car, causing them to honk, flash their bights and press their faces on his window on the wrong car. Alcohol also may have affected the narrator’s agility, causing him to drop his keys in the dark. These actions leave them unprepared, when they end up in trouble with a big greasy character, as they call him. They begin to fight and one of them hits the guy with tire iron on the head while the adrenaline starts to rise in each of them, begin tearing the clothes off the girl in the car when they try to abuse of the young girl, they are interrupted by another car, which was approach to the scene they believe the other car have seen them. They start running away from the scene to avoid getting caught. The three boys were fri ghtened by the consequences that can bring them for their immaturity acts. During the story at this point At this point the narrator is not bothered about his moms car, because he is now safe in the lake behind trees where no one could find him. Once the narrator continues to find a safe place he runs into something that looks like something strange emerges from the lake and realize that it is a body of a man. Then the narrator thinks its very scary evil character found in lake and lifeless. The narrator is very scared by what he discovered runs where his friends were. Very afraid the only thing you want is to get home and forget everything that happened that night. Finally find the car keys and see that everything is in perfect condition, but have a final approach with two young girls who ask if they have seen the friend, who have not seen since last night they stay silent without express what really wanted and they lie and say no. During that time the one of the girls offers them to go home and have fun drinking alcohol and use drugs. After that episode t he three young men begin to experience inner change, to say no and see that they are not as bad as they believed or they could be, and all they want is to leave everything bad that experienced last night and be able to do positive things for their lives. In brief, Coming of age seems to be a problem. When I first felt the teenagers as adults and to take very risk decision to grab the tires iron and after trying to rape a woman every wrong decision have their consequences. However, they are very willing to face the adult outcomes.  Perhaps the lesson here is do not try to grow too fast. The point of view is in first person, from the point of view of narrative and Teenagers. The environment plays a role in the story. Also, during the story the narrator shows us how each character becomes closer to maturity after facing a crazy and unexpected night in a local lake, where we are all witness to and extreme change in their lives causes by immature action.

Conditions Under Which Decisions Are Made Essay Example for Free

Conditions Under Which Decisions Are Made Essay In that way you already have measures in place knowing that should you be in an accident you will have an alternative transport whilst your car is being fixed. Also when you buy a TV, you are usually given one year guarantee and you can get more years at an extra cost. In this instance you know that should the year be over and you had added two years more, and your TV has a problem maybe in the second year, you can take it back as it will still be under guarantee because you would have added more years to cover it. Risk This is when individuals can define a problem, specify the probability of certain events, identify alternative solutions, and state the probability of each solution leading to the desired result. Like in the case of construction, the construction cost overrun risk has a possibility that during the design and construction phase, the actual project costs will exceed projected costs as a result of weather, supplier’s shortage, labour and subcontractor performance. In this case the probability that this will happen will be dependent on past weather records, and experience of the contractor. A decision is made under risk when a supervisor or superior can list all possibilities of outcomes with the decision that has been made and state the probability of each outcome. There are two types of probabilities, there is an objective probability whereby the supervisor or manager assigns probability based on experience or similar situations and there is a subjective probability whereby the supervisor or manager has little experience with a the decision made or no data at all. This type of probability is based on personal experience or gut feel. For example, a manager decides to spend R2500. 00 on a shoe advertisement believing there are three possible outcomes for the advertisement, a 30% chance the advertisement will have only a small effect on sales, a 50% chance of a moderate effect, and a 20% chance of a very large effect. This decision is made under risk because the manager can list each potential outcome and determine the probability of each outcome occurring. Uncertainty This is when an individual does not have the necessary information to assign probabilities to the outcomes of alternative solutions. In cases of uncertainty the alternative solutions and problems are both unclear. Uncertainty exists when a decision maker cannot list all possible outcomes and/or cannot assign probabilities to the various outcomes. When faced with uncertainty, a manager would know only the different decision options available and the different possible states of nature. The states of nature are the future events or conditions that can influence the final outcome or payoff of a decision but cannot be controlled or affected by the manager. An example of a decision made under uncertainty would be, for a company in South Africa to open a branch say in Zambia producing products that have never been sold in that country. In this instance the is uncertainty as to whether the product will sell or not because they are not sure how the people of that country will receive hence a lot of money will be put in that project.

The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka | Analysis

The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka | Analysis The Metamorphosis written by a German man by the name of Franz Kafka is a prime example of a modernist story. The writing takes on many different aspects of the modern era, with topics on psychoanalysis; breaking down the components of Gregors thoughts, physics, and it also has some what of a political issue on what is the modern world. Gregor Samsas dilemma unfolds very abruptly. The first sentence of the story tells you that he had been changed into a monstrous verminous bug. The breakdown and psychoanalysis of Gregors realization that he is now a bug is very strange in the fact that he almost doesnt seem to think it is much of an issue. When he awakes to find himself in the form of a giant insect he wonders Whats happened to me but then his attention is drifted to the picture on the wall and from that to the loud audible rain coming from outside. At this point in his dilemma you would think that his mind would be full of insanity, but not Gregor Samsa he thinks of it as all foolishness and even considers going back to sleep. In going back to sleep Gregors problem isnt the horrid fact that hes now a bug it is instead that in this bug form it is hard for him to sleep on his side, which is the side that he is comfortable with. The dynamics of physics is added to the book in describing his now bug body. It describes his armor-hard back, his arched abdomen that is now divided into bow-like sections. It also goes on to tell about his many leg and how they compare to his massive bug body. All the descriptions give a vivid imagery of the physics of a horrid insect. In a modern world of money and politics where there is a breadwinner of the household Gregor realizes that he has missed his train making getting to work improbable. His income is the means by which the household stays a household. In the apartment with Gregor is his younger sister Grete, his father and his sick mother of which their names are not announced. In this political world Gregor Samsa is basically forced to work a job he hates at a business he hates even more with a terrible boss. After the collapse of Gregors fathers business Gregor had to take up the responsibility of paying off his fathers debts to his boss. Gregors father is very upset with the fact that he doesnt work and feels ashamed for not being the provider as he feels the father should be. Once the realization that Gregor as a giant insect can hardly have or hold down a job sets in the father again gets to step back into the lime light as the breadwinner and provider. Gregor begins to become useless to his family in his present form. The psychological effect that Gregor has on his family is one of fear and disgust. His younger sister Grete tries to help at first by feeding him everyday and showing sympathy but after a while it just become too much for Grete to handle. Gregors appearance does not help with his mothers health and this sometimes excites fits of violence in his father. In one instance his father become irate and pelts Gregor with fruit injuring and making it hard for him to walk. Grete and Gregors fathers feelings over the effect that Gregors mother, her only son that is now an insect is making her health worse and worse and leaves Grete and her father to resent Gregor. As days go on and pass he is more and more separated and isolated from his family because of what he has become. Sometimes the family would leave his door ajar to make it seem like he was closer and in some way in the other room with them. After the wounds given to Gregor by his father the family begins to neglect him. The family takes in three loggers and use the room Gregor is in as a storage space adding insult to injury as if he wasnt there and was already gone. Gregor stays in his room in crippling pain wasting away day by day wishing he had some way to express the feeling and emotions of being a bug and the things like how he wants to encourage his younger sister Gretes violin talents. Later in the story even more of his human interests coincide with the giant bug of a man that he has become. When the rhythm of the music being played on a violin in the parlor by Grete he becomes very excited. The music coming from the parlor sways him from his room and he cannot help but to dance his way into the parlor. When the loggers catch site of him the family cannot handle it any longer and in that is the breaking point for the family. After the incident in the parlor Grete conveys to the rest of the family that there is no longer a Gregor but now just an insect. She suggests that they give up on the i dea of Gregor ever being human again and with remorse they all agree. Later that night abandoned Gregor creeps back into his room where he dies with the mind of a human and the physical body of a disgusting insect. The book The Metamorphosis is a classic modernist/postmodernist story with examples found in all aspects of the genera and era. Conveying topics such as the mind of a man who to no ones reasoning wakes up as a bug, and the analysis of his psyche. Along with the modern world and its problems with debts, and the politics behind them. German man Franz Kafka was able to link the world of modernism/postmodernism as examples from the book being of psychoanalysis, physics, and politics through the life and death of a bug-man.

Edna Pontellier Essay -- essays papers

Edna Pontellier People shape the way they live their lives around the society they live in. It gives you walls that you can either shape your life with, or you can breakdown to make a mold of your own. The society Edna comes from pushes her to rebel against her life, try to live her own way inside the walls and then finally break free of the walls, wich leads to the termination of her character. Being born in a time that is not right for her, Edna tries to push the things that her society accepts. In her world it is normal for a husband to control the life of the life of his wife. It is not normal for a woman to leave her husband and keep a good name. Trapped by the standards set up for her, she knows that there is no easy way out. As much as she gives to her society she st...

Drugs in Our Society Essay -- Drug Drugs Narcotics Essays

Drugs in Our Society With the use of drugs being such a controversial issue in today’s society we felt as a group it was important to further explore this issue. As we possess a high interest in how drugs affect a number of social groups. These groups of course range from young teens to high-class older individuals who will have different reasons and different acceptable standards of behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question that is being explored in our presentation asks what drugs are doing to our society. This means exploring the various groups that use recreational drugs their reasons for this the effects that drug use has and the methods to help prevent and stop use of drugs. By recreational drugs we mean such substances as marijuana and heavier more addictive drugs as heroin and cocaine. For which the use of these has increased throughout society over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recreational drugs are not limited to any particular group in society meaning that a very wide variety of people choose to use these drugs these of course include teenagers, parents, business people and often very dedicated students for a number of reasons. For a long time the common misconception that only youths use drugs and those who do are disrespectful and dishonest has become out dated and inaccurate. Teenagers can use drugs and there are certainly individuals who do who are disrespectful and dishonest however this is more likely to do with an individual’s personality than their use or experimentation of drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The survey we conducted showed that most people believed it was more common for youths in the 14 to 22 age group to use recreational drugs. This was closely followed by the 23 to 30 age group, while the 13 and under age group was considerably further behind. The survey question that followed indicated that people also believed that drug users were irresponsible and inconsiderate. This slightly supports the misconception that teens are more likely to be involved with recreational drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasons why people choose to use drugs will differ from group to group. While for many the use of drugs serves as an escape from the stresses of everyday life for others it is exactly used as it is called for recreational purposes. People also take drugs to feel happy and relax. The major reason among is still believed to be that of peer pressure, often teens feel the need t... ...ociety we live in to regards drugs as acceptable but to what extent is this true. Society is not against what it can’t see. When people are dependant on a drug then their behaviour reveals to those around them what they are doing. This makes the world and society assume that all drugs and all drug users fit the typical stereotype. When someone is addicted to drugs society may not be directly affected but are very affected in the long run. The most direct way society is affected by drugs and their users is through the employment and criminal statistics. Employment is very much a problem for an addicted person and statistics show people desperate for drugs can commit crimes in order to get money to support their habit. This disrupts the whole idea of social cohesion only making chaos and producing prejudice attitudes. So just how are drugs affecting society. They affect society by overtaking the users life and the user therefore neglects their responsibilities of the society in which they live and breaching the acceptable standards of behaviours. Recreational drugs are a serious issue that must be dealt with help society progress further for the benefit of the next generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drugs in Our Society Essay -- Drug Drugs Narcotics Essays Drugs in Our Society With the use of drugs being such a controversial issue in today’s society we felt as a group it was important to further explore this issue. As we possess a high interest in how drugs affect a number of social groups. These groups of course range from young teens to high-class older individuals who will have different reasons and different acceptable standards of behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question that is being explored in our presentation asks what drugs are doing to our society. This means exploring the various groups that use recreational drugs their reasons for this the effects that drug use has and the methods to help prevent and stop use of drugs. By recreational drugs we mean such substances as marijuana and heavier more addictive drugs as heroin and cocaine. For which the use of these has increased throughout society over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recreational drugs are not limited to any particular group in society meaning that a very wide variety of people choose to use these drugs these of course include teenagers, parents, business people and often very dedicated students for a number of reasons. For a long time the common misconception that only youths use drugs and those who do are disrespectful and dishonest has become out dated and inaccurate. Teenagers can use drugs and there are certainly individuals who do who are disrespectful and dishonest however this is more likely to do with an individual’s personality than their use or experimentation of drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The survey we conducted showed that most people believed it was more common for youths in the 14 to 22 age group to use recreational drugs. This was closely followed by the 23 to 30 age group, while the 13 and under age group was considerably further behind. The survey question that followed indicated that people also believed that drug users were irresponsible and inconsiderate. This slightly supports the misconception that teens are more likely to be involved with recreational drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasons why people choose to use drugs will differ from group to group. While for many the use of drugs serves as an escape from the stresses of everyday life for others it is exactly used as it is called for recreational purposes. People also take drugs to feel happy and relax. The major reason among is still believed to be that of peer pressure, often teens feel the need t... ...ociety we live in to regards drugs as acceptable but to what extent is this true. Society is not against what it can’t see. When people are dependant on a drug then their behaviour reveals to those around them what they are doing. This makes the world and society assume that all drugs and all drug users fit the typical stereotype. When someone is addicted to drugs society may not be directly affected but are very affected in the long run. The most direct way society is affected by drugs and their users is through the employment and criminal statistics. Employment is very much a problem for an addicted person and statistics show people desperate for drugs can commit crimes in order to get money to support their habit. This disrupts the whole idea of social cohesion only making chaos and producing prejudice attitudes. So just how are drugs affecting society. They affect society by overtaking the users life and the user therefore neglects their responsibilities of the society in which they live and breaching the acceptable standards of behaviours. Recreational drugs are a serious issue that must be dealt with help society progress further for the benefit of the next generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival Essay -- Postmodernism

Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For contemporary Western—particularly American—thought, there have been two prevailing theories, at polar ends of the spectrum.   There is the belief that there are absolute ethical forces, and there is the belief that there are no set standards of judgment.   Both of these views seem extreme, attacking our sense of modernity and our sense of personal values.   Consequently, most people find their place somewhere moderately between the two.   As between belief and unbelief there is agnosticism, or between moralism and immoralism there is amoralism, between the belief in standards and the belief in no standards there is postmodernism.   Postmodernism places at its core that there is no unified theory or objective standard by which to judge every thing that is and that â€Å"there can be no independent standard for determining which of many rival interpretations [†¦] is the right one† (Fish).   Postmodernists th us assign the label â€Å"opinion† to most qualitative concepts:   a belief in an afterlife, bagels, and international politics cannot be judged on the same scale.   This is very egalitarian, allowing people to have personal beliefs while not necessarily bothering others with them.   Even in light of the fundamentalist wave that crashed after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, postmodernism, the central philosophy of contemporary America, has withstood the test of time. As a form of thinking, postmodernism has had an easy existence in the latter half of the 20th century.   After World War II, the only conflicts we have had either involved bloodless politics (the Watergate scandal), isolated events (the Cuban missile crisis), or ideological disputes (Korean and Vietnam... ...st theories, was strong enough (or possibly flimsy enough) to withstand a new fundamentalist revival.   The belief in polar rights and wrongs is stronger now, after the attacks, but postmodernism’s invulnerability does not mean that it is incorruptible to these polar beliefs.   A new philosophy that incorporates both of these ideas may soon emerge, seeking to pacify opponents of each, and, even if it succeeds, such a ideological fusion would be born in postmodernism, in the belief that this idea of standards and measurements cannot be completely disproven. Sources Cited Fish, Stanley.   â€Å"Condemnation Without Absolutes.†Ã‚   New York Times.   A19.   15 Oct. 2001 Halliday, Fred.   Two Hours that Shook the World.   London:   Saqi Books, 2002 Rothstein, Edward.   â€Å"Attacks on U.S. Challenge the Perspectives of Postmodern True Believers.†Ã‚   New York Times.   A17.   22 Sep. 2001. Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival Essay -- Postmodernism Postmodernism and the Fundamentalist Revival   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For contemporary Western—particularly American—thought, there have been two prevailing theories, at polar ends of the spectrum.   There is the belief that there are absolute ethical forces, and there is the belief that there are no set standards of judgment.   Both of these views seem extreme, attacking our sense of modernity and our sense of personal values.   Consequently, most people find their place somewhere moderately between the two.   As between belief and unbelief there is agnosticism, or between moralism and immoralism there is amoralism, between the belief in standards and the belief in no standards there is postmodernism.   Postmodernism places at its core that there is no unified theory or objective standard by which to judge every thing that is and that â€Å"there can be no independent standard for determining which of many rival interpretations [†¦] is the right one† (Fish).   Postmodernists th us assign the label â€Å"opinion† to most qualitative concepts:   a belief in an afterlife, bagels, and international politics cannot be judged on the same scale.   This is very egalitarian, allowing people to have personal beliefs while not necessarily bothering others with them.   Even in light of the fundamentalist wave that crashed after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, postmodernism, the central philosophy of contemporary America, has withstood the test of time. As a form of thinking, postmodernism has had an easy existence in the latter half of the 20th century.   After World War II, the only conflicts we have had either involved bloodless politics (the Watergate scandal), isolated events (the Cuban missile crisis), or ideological disputes (Korean and Vietnam... ...st theories, was strong enough (or possibly flimsy enough) to withstand a new fundamentalist revival.   The belief in polar rights and wrongs is stronger now, after the attacks, but postmodernism’s invulnerability does not mean that it is incorruptible to these polar beliefs.   A new philosophy that incorporates both of these ideas may soon emerge, seeking to pacify opponents of each, and, even if it succeeds, such a ideological fusion would be born in postmodernism, in the belief that this idea of standards and measurements cannot be completely disproven. Sources Cited Fish, Stanley.   â€Å"Condemnation Without Absolutes.†Ã‚   New York Times.   A19.   15 Oct. 2001 Halliday, Fred.   Two Hours that Shook the World.   London:   Saqi Books, 2002 Rothstein, Edward.   â€Å"Attacks on U.S. Challenge the Perspectives of Postmodern True Believers.†Ã‚   New York Times.   A17.   22 Sep. 2001.

Death Investigations and the Role of the Forensic Nurse

The International Association of Forensic Nurses website states, â€Å"Every state/ county has different needs and resources, and every state/county may run death investigations with a different approach. What matters is that every effort be made to ensure a thorough, accurate, and timely investigation. A faulty cause of death determination can significantly impact surviving family members, agencies responsible for planning public health policy, civil or criminal action, and even public safety. (Schindell, 2006) The possibility of forensic investigations may begin in first aid situations, or in the emergency department. The nurse's first duty is to provide immediate care to the patient, but the nurse must also be prepared to preserve evidence for possible criminal investigations. (Dean ; Mulligan, 2009) This becomes andatory in the situation where the patient dies. It is very important that evidence and intormation surrounding the death is preserved The body should not be cleaned pr ior to transport to the morgue, and any tubes, IVs or other medical equipment should be left in place.The nurse on duty can be instrumental in making sure that everything remains as it was in order to make it easier for the medical examiner. The nurse must also be sure to document all procedures performed, including attempts to establish an ‘V, as well as noting all injury sites. (Erricksen, 2008, p. 40) Other investigations begin when a suspicious death is reported to the ppropriate agency. The death investigator will go to the scene in order to collect evidence, photograph the area, and gather information regarding the environment and positioning of the body.The investigator will also question witnesses, family members, and law enforcement officials to gather more information regarding the victim, including past medical history, condition prior to death, circumstances leading up to the death, if known, and if the body has been moved. This would be followed by detailed invest igation of the body, any clothing, and clues to medical conditions such s medic alert bracelets or presence of insulin pumps, etc. (McDonough, 2013) The forensic nurse can perform or assist with all of these duties, and must be careful and meticulous in writing reports of their findings. The completion of good contemporaneous records may be vital to any statements of evidence that a nurse may be required to produce at a later date, to either the police or coroner. † (Dean & Mulligan, 2009, p. 39) In many cases, if the primary investigator does not have medical training, the forensic nurse's experience and knowledge can be invaluable. Schindell, 2006) Forensic nurses can also apply information and practices from other areas to death investigations.Researchers in Alaska have determined that sex- related homicides can be difficult to properly identify, and may be under-reported for that reason. Calling upon the expertise of a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE), the researchers were able to apply standard techniques from sexual assault cases with living victims to investigations of homicides. These techniques, especially examination with a colposcope to identify anogenital injuries, were able to identify exual assault related injuries, and to properly classify some homicides as being sex- related (Henry, 2009).Inclusion of forensic nurses in further sex-related homicides would be beneficial to law enforcement officials. â€Å"Forensic nurses have taken a leadership role in improving healthcare's response to living victims of sexual assault and forensic pathologists and law enforcement would benefit from including a forensic nurse, specialized in sexual assault examinations, in the multidisciplinary response to deceased victims. † (Henry, 2009, p. 64) A qualified and trained forensic urse can even act as the coroner if there is no medical examiner available. In counties where non-medical Deputy Medical Examiners are being asked to conduct the majorit y of a death investigation, medical expertise should be readily accessible to them. A forensically trained nurse can be an ideal medical representative in these situations. † (Schindell, 2006) The primary goal of a death investigation is to determine the cause and manner of death. This can sometimes require detailed and painstaking investigation, not only of the immediate cause of death, but of possible comorbidities that may have contributed to the death.

PRODUCTION OPERATIONS & MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF LABSA Essay

Sulphonation – The Process Most electrophilic substitution reactions are irreversible but sulfonation is an exception. Treatment of benzene with â€Å"oleum† (a solution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid) will give the sulfonic acid, the electrophilic species being sulfur trioxide which is Lewis acidic. Fig – 1 Sulphonation : Benzene equation The sulfonic acid can be converted back by treatment with hot aqueous acid. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland intermediate is overall neutral and therefore more stable than other, positively charged intermediates. Hence, under forcing reaction conditions, the energy difference in progressing in either the forward or backward sense from the Wheland intermediate is proportionately smaller compared to the barrier to activation and hence discrimination is lost. Fig – 2 Progress of Reaction against Energy This makes the SO3H a useful directing group if it is desired to carry our selective ortho– substitution of a monosubstituted benzene possessing an ortho/para– activating group. Under normal circumstances, para– substitution would dominate, despite the statistical favouring of the ortho– positions due to steric hindrance of the original substituent. Initial sulfonation para– gives a Disubstituted benzene in which both substituents direct to the same position. Subsequent directed electrophilic substitution and removal of the sulfonic acid group gives theortho– disubstituted product. Process Involved In the Manufacture of LABSA Fig 3 – Flowchart of the process behind the production of LABSA. The manufacturing of LABSA at Sasol gulf is a continuous process. An interval of 1 day after a period of 20-21 days for the purpose of shut-down and start-up is essential for maintenance purposes. The key reactions involved in the formation of LABSA are as follows: †¢Air Drying †¢Sulphur Melting – Ignition of sulphur (S) to sulphur dioxide (SO2) †¢SO3 Production – Oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide (SO3) using catalyst vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) under optimum temperature. †¢Film Sulphonation – Reaction of Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) with Sulphur trioxide to yield the end product LABSA. †¢Ageing & Hydrolysis †¢Gas Separation & Gas Scrubbing – Separation of LABSA from unreacted gases. Air Drying The air taken from outside is compressed and dehumidified by means of the following units: 1)Intermediate Cooling Unit. 2)Silica gel Dehumidifying Tower. The cooling has the purpose to remove the humidity from the air, up to a saturation humidity of 2 degree Celsius & also to convey low temperature air to the dehumidifying tower, thus favoring the water absorption in the silica gel. The silica gel air drying has the object to reduce to very low values (dew point -60 approx.) the moisture content of air intended for the sulfur combustion, & then for conversion. This reduces to acceptable values the oleum quantity produced in the conversion unit, which depends directly to the quantity of water contained in the air. Working The air filtered is sucked by the compressor that sends the process air to the refrigerating group. This unit removes the compression heat by water & moreover cools the air to 2 degree Celsius through the intermediate medium cooling unit which is kept at constant temperature. The equipment for air drying is a vertical cylindrical vessel, which is horizontally divided in  two parts by a partition containing insulating material. The two silica gel layers are placed on nets; 2 spaces are left free above and below such layers for air inlet and outlet respectively. On the plates, at the level of both silica gel layer, two light glasses are located to check visually their conditions. Some silica gel indicator is placed near the sight glasses, changing its color accordingto the quantity of absorbed water; thus saturating with water, it changes blue to pink. Fig 4 – Boiler to produce and supply steam. Characteristics of Silica Gel Appearance – white color, granules of 3-6 mm approx. Bulk Density: 700kg/dm3 approx The regeneration is carried out by heating with air at 150 degree Celsius. A checking about the effective regeneration is made by verifying the Silica gel indicator through the sight glasses, as well as by verifying the outlet temp., of the regeneration air on the recording thermometer. When the regeneration is accomplished the silica gel mass has a temperature quite near 150 degree Celsius. Therefore it is necessary to cool the silica gel thus allowing it to adsorb the humidity of the air crossing it. Note – The four way valves are provided with a drive by pneumatic cylinders which are remote controlled energizing some solenoid valve suitably. Air drying and cooling Air that is utilized in the production of LABSA has to be cooled first and then dried to ensure its feasibility for further reactions. Air is cooled by passing it through a heat exchanger containing the coolant mono-ethylene glycol; at a temperature of 0 to -2 degree Celsius. The coolant ensures condensation of air to around 5 degree Celsius. After cooling air to the required temperature it has to be dried to remove traces of moisture present in it. For this purpose air is passed through a cylinder filled with silica gel. The silica-gel brings the dew point of the water in the air down to stay -40 degrees Celsius. This means that the air is dry as if the air was cooled down to -40 degrees Celsius. In practice two cylinders with silica-gel are used; one for drying the air, the other is reconditioned. In general the changing of the cylinders is done automatically. Fig 5 – Air Drying Process Fig 6 – Glycol Tower In order to remove the compression heat and to condense the moisture, the air is first cooled by cooling water and then by a glycol solution in the glycol tower. The air flow is then conveyed at a constant temperature (less than 5â„Æ') to the silica gel dryers. Sulphur Melting Sulphur is melted to allow Sulphur that has been acquired has to be melted prior to its ignition. This is done by heating it in the melter at temperatures of 135â„Æ' to 145â„Æ'. If the temperature exceeds 145â„Æ' it would result in vaporisation of sulphur while temperatures less than 135â„Æ' would be insufficient to melt sulphur. Therefore a temperature of 140 is maintained to prevent wastage of sulphur due to the above mentioned causes. Fig 7–Sulphur Melting Tank. The solid sulphur is melted and filtered to avoid the pump valves clogging and then fed to the sulphur burner by a proportioning pump. The viscosity of molten sulphur is minimum between 135â„Æ' to 140 â„Æ'. Fig 8 – Viscosity Of Sulphur Molten sulphur is fed under mass control by means of a mass flow meter. The pump and the relevant piping are steam heated in order to to keep the temperature constant and to minimize sulphur viscosity. Fig 9 – Sulphur Burning SOâ‚Æ' Production The oxidation reaction of sulphur dioxide and trioxide is exothermic and heat produced by it is quite sufficient to keep the catalyst layers at the required at the required temp. to obtain a good conversion progress. In order to get the best efficiency, the gas inlet temperature in the first catalyst layer has to be about 420 degree Celsius. To start the reaction, the catalyst layers of the first & second stage of the conversion tower have to be brought to the necessary temperature. This is reached by preheating with hot air and the upper part of the catalyst tower is heated upto a temperature of 400-420 degree Celsius. Fig 10 – Catalyst Bed Sulphur Dioxide & Sulphur Trioxide Production The sulphur combustion furnace has been designed for this special purpose. In the furnace, the sulphur is fed through a pipe and falls on a surface of refractory balls, while the combustion air is supplied in counter current, thus obtaining the complete combustion of sulphur without its spraying through a nozzle; which might often clog owing to sulphur impurities. This system is quite simple; it does not require any maintenance and the gas composition does not change. The temperature of the gas at the burner outlet is around 700 degree Celsius (corresponding approximately to a SO2 concentration of 7% by volume). Thereafter a heat exchanger cools the gas so that it reaches the conversion tower at the required temperature. The conversion tower is composed of three layers of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) catalyst. The gas, passing from a layer to next one, crosses a heat exchanger to take the gas temperature to optimum conversion values on every stage. In order to allow quick startup, a preheating system has been  provided. The main characteristics of Ballestra pre-heating system have been provided: âž ¢No electric pre-heater is required because if it were used, being in the presence of SO3, it would be corroded very quickly. âž ¢Moreover, with Ballestra system there is no need to either cut off or regulate values in the circuit of conversion l ines, which should operate a temperature of about 500 degree Celsius in the presence SO2 / SO3, thus being easily corroded. âž ¢The gas temperature is of course too high to be suitable for sulphonation; therefore some heat exchangers in the series are used to cool the gas down to proper sulphonation temperature. The hot air coming from SO3 coolers is utilized for silica gel regeneration.[6] Fig 11 – SO2 / SO3 Production Film Sulphonation This group is composed by a film reactor, multi-tube type, having dimensions and number of tubes proportional to the plant capacity. The sulphonation gas is automatically fed on the reactor top and distributed in part strictly equal on each of the pipes composing the reactor. The raw material to be sulphonated is fed in co-current with the gas. Outside the reaction tubes in the reactor jacket the cooling water circulates in co-current with the film, thus allowing a control of the reaction temperature by heat removing. The distribution of the gas and the product to be sulphonated is designed in order to ensure a constant ratio between the two phases, inside each reaction tube. The sulphonated or sulphated product, coming out of the reactor is suitably degassed, aged and stabilized according to the fed raw material; and fed to the neutralization unit. In this connection the Ballestra sulphonation / sulphation system by film reactor has great advantages towards the other existing systems on the market since in the case of power failure an emergency system, included in the supply, avoids any damage to the product and the necessity of cleaning the reactor before resuming operation. This system can be also used during plant startup: the material to be sulphonated is fed and recycled to the reactor until optimum SO2-SO3 conversion is reached. Main Reactor Fig 12 – Top view of the Reactor Fig 13 – Bottom Nozzles Of the Reactor This SO3 is sent to the reactor where it reacts with Linear Alkyl Benzene. Due to presence of some water vapours in air some oleum is also formed. This should be avoided as it can cause blockage. The reactor has small tubes in which the SO3 passes and the LAB passes through its sides. The main reaction takes place at bottom of these tubes and during maintenance these tubes are thoroughly cleaned because if the LAB leaks to the centre part then the reaction will take place there only and no SO3 will pass through. Then this mixture of LABSA (desired product), LAB, SO3 and a mixture of other waste materials including oleum is sent to a separator. The liquid product is sent to the aging vessel and the gases are sent to cyclone. Fig 14 – Sulphonation Plant Arrangement Ageing & Hydrolysis This is used to stabilize the sulphonated DDB. It is composed by an ageing unit and stabilizer. The product after being sulphonated overflows into the bottom of the ageing unit. It is then conveyed into the stabilizer together with water. Afterwards it is transferred with the help of a pump to the neutralization unit. Fig 15 – Ageing Vessel Gas Seperation Cyclonic separation is a method of removing particulates from an air (or gas) stream, without the use of filters, through vortex separation. Rotational effects and gravity are used to separate mixtures of solids and fluids. Here a high speed rotating air-flow is established within a cylindrical or conical container called a cyclone. Air flows in a spiral pattern, beginning at the top (wide end) of the cyclone and ending at the bottom (narrow) end before exiting the cyclone in a straight stream through the center of the cyclone and out the top. Larger (denser) particles in the rotating air stream have too much inertia to follow the tight curve of the air stream and strike the outside wall, falling then to the bottom of the cyclone where they can be removed. In a conical system, as the rotating air-flow moves towards the narrow end of the cyclone the rotational radius of the air stream is reduced, separating smaller and smaller particles from the stream. The cyclone geometry, together with air flow rate, defines the cut point of the cyclone. This is the size of particle that will be removed from the air stream with a 50% efficiency. Particles larger than the cut point will be removed with a greater efficiency and smaller particles with a lower efficiency. The liquid product and reactants which still have to react are sent to the aging vessel but the product in the form of vapour and gases are sent to Electrostatic Precipitator. Fig 16 – Gas Splitting Gas Scrubbing / Exhaust Gas Treatment The unit is designed to treat exhaust gas stream coming from the sulphonation reactor before being sent to the atmosphere in order to remove any possible organic, unreacted SOâ‚Æ' traces and unconverted SOâ‚‚. The exhausted gas coming from the reactor pass through a cyclone which provides to separate the acid mist before getting into the electrostatic precipitator and SO2 scrubber column. Fig 17 – Exhaust Gas Treatment In the electrostatic precipitator the organic substances and unreacted SO3 are separated and eliminated. The residual unconverted SO2 is absorbed in the scrubbing column in which a water and caustic soda solution is continuously recycled. The gas stream is contacted with a controlled stream of fresh organic raw material. Fig 18– Electrostatic Precipitator Functionality Details Fig 19 – Electro Static Precipitator Construction Details An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. The LABSA is separated and sent to the ageing vessel. Types of Heat Exchangers Shell and Tube heat exchanger Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned etc. Shell and Tube heat exchangers are typically used for high pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than 260 °C. This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are robust due to their shape. There are several thermal design features that are to be taken into account when designing the tubes in the shell and tube heat exchangers. These include: †¢Tube diameter: Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and compact. However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul up faster and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tube diameters can be used. Thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, cost and the fouling nature of the fluids must be considered. †¢Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually determined to ensure: oThere is enough room for corrosion oThat flow-induced vibration has resistance oAxial strength oAbility to easily stock spare parts cost Sometimes the wall thickness is determined by the maximum pressure differential across the wall. †¢Tube length: heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller shell diameter and a long tube length. Thus, typically there is an aim to make the heat exchanger as long as possible. However, there are many limitations for this, including the space available at the site where it is going to be used and the need to ensure that there are tubes available in lengths that are twice the required length (so that the tubes can be withdrawn and replaced). Also, it has to be remembered that lone, thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace. †¢Tube pitch: when designing the tubes, it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i.e. the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the tubes’ outside diameter LAS/LABSA ( Linear Alkyl Benzene Suplhonic Acid ) – The Product Description of LAS Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid is the largest-volume synthetic surfactant because of its relatively low cost, good performance, the fact that it can be dried to a stable powder and the biodegradable environmental friendliness as it has straight chain. LAS is an anionic surfactants with molecules characterized by a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic group. Alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) alkyl sulfates (AS) are also examples of commercial anionic surfactants. They are nonvolatile compounds produced by sulfonation. LAS are complex mixtures of homologues of different alkyl chain lengths (C10 to C13 or C14) and phenyl positional isomers of 2 to 5-phenyl in proportions  dictated by the starting materials and reaction conditions, each containing an aromatic ring sulfonated at the para position and attached to a linear alkyl chain at any position with the exception of terminal one (1-phenyl). The properties of LAS differ in physical and chemical properties according to the alkyl chain length, resulting in formulations for various applications. The starting material LAB (linear alkylbenzene) is produced by the alkylation of benzene with n-paraffins in the presence of hydrogen fluoride (HF) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3) as a catalyst. LAS is produced by the sulfonation of LAB with oleum in batch reactors. Other sulfonation alternative reagents are sulfuric acid, diluted sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfonic acid and sulfamic acid on falling film reactors. LAS are then neutralized to the desired salt (sodium, ammonium, calcium, potassium, and triethanolamine salts). Surfactants are widely used in the industry needed to improve contact between polar and non-polar media such as between oil and water or between water and minerals. MASS DENSITY AT 20 DEGREES C : ~ 1.070 g/cm3 VISCOSITY AT 20 DEGREES C : ~ 1500 – 2000 mPa.s. MELTING RANGE : ~ – 10 DEGREES C. BOILING POINT : ~ 315 DEGREES C. VAPOUR PRESSURE at 20 DEGREES c : Below 0.15 (0.001 mm Hg). FLASH POINT (PMcc) : >200 DEGREES C. DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE : > 100 DEGREES C. Ph : ~ 2. Applications of LAS Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid, as the raw material of detergent, is used to produce alkylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium (LAS), which has the performances of cleaning, wetting, foaming, emulsifying and dispersing, etc. The rate of biodegradation is more than 90%. The product is widely used for producing various detergents and emulsifiers for agricultural herbicides and in emulsion polymerization. It is mainly used to produce household detergents such as washing powder, detergent of dishware, detergent of light or hard dirt, cleaner of textile industry, dyeing assistant, degreaser of plating and leather making industry, and the deinking agent of paper-making industry, etc. Characteristics †¢Good Surface active properties †¢Low cost surfactant for detergents †¢Easy processing into dried powders †¢Desirable solubility in both liquid and powder formulation †¢Biodegradable †¢Compatible with other surface active agents Sales Specifications APPEARANCEViscous Light Brown liquid ACTIVE MATTER96.0% min ACID VALUE180 – 190 FREE OIL1.5% max WATER1.0% max COLOR, KLETTE50 max (5% Sol. pH=7, 40mm cell) FREE SULFURIC ACID1.5% max Advantages †¢Cost effective, anionic surfactant. †¢Biodegradable. †¢Due to its stable foam, suitable for detergent applications in combination with other surfactants. †¢Compatible with enzymes and builders. †¢Outstanding performance with other anionic surfactants due to its synergistic effect. †¢Consumes less alkali for neutralisation. †¢Ideal for liquid detergent application due to high solubility and low salt content. Packaging & Transportation LAB First the truck is parked in the heavy loading station directly under a valve. Laborers enter the truck and fix metal rods in grooves near the door. Then a cardboard perimeter is set up in order to provide support. A flexi-bag is spread out on the bottom of the container, above and within the cardboard perimeter. A hose is connected to the valve and to the flexi-bag. The initial reading is taken from the main LAB tank. The flexi-bag can withstand 20-25 tons of LAB. Calculations are carried out to transfer an approx. 20 tons. The meter reading must reduce by 52cm. Fig 20 – Flexi Bags within cardboard perimeter Sulphonic Acid The sulphonic acid is corrosive in nature and therefore requires a vehicle with a pre-fitted tanker. The tanker is made of a special material (commonly stainless steel) Also the tank must be able to keep the sulphonic acid at a desirable temperature. Fig 21 – Fitted Tank LABSA LABSA is packaged into plastic drums and then transported. Each drum contains 210kg of the product. Sasol buys second hand drums in order to cut costs. Once the drums are loaded with LABSA on a wooden platform a forklift will move them to the storage shed. At the time of loading the forklift will carry these drums to a loading station with an adjustable ramp. The forklift will carry the containers into the truck and load them there. Fig 22 – Plastic Drums for packaging Analysis Every two hours, regular analysis of the product is carried out to make sure the quality of the product is maintained. A sample of the product is taken in a beaker and taken to the analysis room. Color Klett Determination A Klett colorimeter allows light to pass through and determines the colour Klett of the substance. The beaker is put on the colorimeter and the value of the color Klett is obtained. Lesser the color Klett, better the quality of the product. The standard value for Klett is around 50%(maximum). Here at Sasol, it ranges from 5-10% and is therefore great in quality. Required Equipments: †¢Klett Colorimeter †¢Blue Filter No. 42 with 400-465mm wavelength range †¢Pair of cells with 40mm path length †¢Balance Required Reagents: †¢Ethanol 99.9% GPR †¢Methanol GPR †¢Propan-2-ol ( Isopropyl alcohol ) GPR †¢Distilled water Procedure: †¢Prepare solvent of ethanol 99.99%, methanol, propan-2-ol or distilled water or a mix of all. †¢Weigh 5g of active substance and dilute with a weighed amount of solvent so that a solution of 5% m/m is prepared for color measurement. †¢In case of 5% m/n color measurement , weigh 5g of active substance, then times the volume of solvent required by relevant solvent density and weigh solvent. †¢Mix upto complete dissolution. †¢Fill 40mm path length cell (clean and dry) with mixture and other cell as reference cell. †¢Colorimeter must be switched on 15 mins prior to the test. Acid value determination After finding the color Klett, the sample of the product is then titrated with ethanol, drop by drop after adding the indicator. Through this, the amount of ethanol required to reach the n point is noted and the acid level of the product is calculated. It should be approx. 180. If the acid value is higher or lower than the required value, the air flow rate is adjusted and analysis is carried out till the desired acid value is obtained. Required equipments: †¢250ml conical flask †¢10ml Burette †¢Lab analytic balance reading upto 3 decimal places Required Reagents: †¢Distilled water †¢Sodium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution †¢Phenolphthalein †¢Ethanol This method covers determination of acid value for sulphonic acid, however it can also be used for pure fatty acids. Procedure: †¢Weigh accurately about 2g of sulphonic acid into the conical flask and note the weight. †¢Add 25ml of ethanol and mix well to ensure the sample is dissolved completely. †¢Titrate with NaOH solution using phenolphthalein until the solution retains a faint pink colour. Note T1. Calculation: †¢Acid Value = ( T1 x Molarity of NaOH x 56.1 ) / Wt †¢Free Acid % = ( T1 x Molarity of NaOH x titrated acid molecular weight ) [10] Conclusion In a nutshell, the previous month at Sasol has been very productive in terms of the knowledge gained regarding the manufacturing operations of the LABSA plant in Dubai, UAE. Future Scope This is a detailed report on: Production Operations and Manufacturing Processes of LABSA. It is highly informative on processes such as Air Drying, SOâ‚Æ' Production, SOâ‚Æ' Treatment, Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonation etc. The report can be used to bring about the following functionality: †¢Set up companies †¢Set up detergent raw material supply †¢Improve plant production quality †¢Reduce production costs References [1] www.wikipedia.com [2] www.sasol.com [3] www.uaeincorp.com [4] www.users.ox.ac.uk [5] Sasol Gulf – Operation Manual [6] Sulphonation Technology in the Detergent Industry by W. Herman de Groot [7] www.lasinfo.org [8] www.mixmedicine.com [9] www.chemicalland21.com [10] Test Method Control Room File